Background Image
Table of Contents Table of Contents
Previous Page  9 / 48 Next Page
Information
Show Menu
Previous Page 9 / 48 Next Page
Page Background

VOLUME 12 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2015

7

SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE

REVIEW

type of diet for weight loss, coupled with an exercise programme,

and then move onto the Mediterranean-type diet to achieve life-

long health benefits, thereby avoiding the cognitive and cardiac

changes of high-fat diets. Therefore starting a diet to lose weight,

such as the new Atkins or Noakes diet, is complementary with a

later switch to the long-term Mediterranean diet. As these diet

types come in sequence, they are not competitive.

The future

A safe prediction is that there will be more editions of existing major

books (Atkins in the USA, Dukan in Europe, Noakes in South Africa)

besides new diet books. New lipid-lowering pharmaceutical agents

are already being tested in large new outcomes-based studies on

their preliminary promise.

The best self-help policy may well be to start with a dedicated

programme for weight loss however achieved, whether by the new

Atkins or Noakes diet, but associated with sufficient exercise. The

next step would be to move on to the modified Mediterranean diet

(Fig. 2) aimed at living longer and living better.

Looking to the far future, having both fish and meat in the daily

diet of large populations would need substantial resources, which

will be increasingly limited as the human race expands. Maybe the

answer will lie in novel fresh nutritional sources such as algae-based

diets.

References

1. Opie LH. Living Longer, Living Better; Exploring the Heart–Mind Relationship.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Online:

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Living-

Longer-Better-Heart-Mind- Connection/dp/0198525672.

2. Chiuve SE, McCullough ML, Sacks FM, Rimm EB. Healthy lifestyle factors in the

primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users

and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications.

Circulation

2006;

114

: 160–167.

3. Noakes T, Creed S-A, Proudfoot J, Grier D.

The Real Meal Revolution

. South

Africa, Quiertree Publicatons, 2013.

4. Chiuve SE, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D,

et al

. Primary prevention of stroke by

healthy lifestyle.

Circulation

2008;

118

: 947–954.

5. Van Dam RM, Li T, Spiegelman D, Franco OH, Hu FB. Combined impact of lifestyle

factors on mortality: prospective cohort study in US women.

Br Med J

2008;

337

:

1440.

6. Aravanis C, Corcondilas A, Dontas AS, Lekos D, Keys A. Coronary heart disease

in seven countries. IX. The Greek islands of Crete and Corfu.

Circulation

1970;

41

(Suppl 4): I88–100.

7. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J,

et al

. A high-fat diet impairs cardiac high-energy

phosphate metabolism and cognitive function in healthy human subjects.

Am J

Clin Nutr

2011;

93

: 748–755.

8. Fitó M, Estruch R, Salas-Salvadó J,

et al

; on behalf of the PREDIMED study

investigators. Effect of the Mediterranean diet on heart failure biomarkers: a

randomized sample from the PREDIMED trial.

Eur J Heart Fail

2014;

16

: 543–550.

9. Cerling TE, Mbua E, Kirera FM,

et al

. Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early

Pleistocene of East Africa.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA

2011;

108

: 9337–9341.

10. Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y,

et al

. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose

tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart

disease.

Diabetologia

2007;

50

: 1795–1807.

11. Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Ahrén B, Lindeberg S. A paleolithic

diet is more satiating per calorie than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with

ischemic heart disease.

Nutr Metab

(Lond) 2010;

30

(7): 85.

12. Bronte-Stewart B, Keys A, Brock JF. Serum-cholesterol, diet, and coronary heart

disease; an inter-racial survey in the Cape Peninsula.

Lancet

1955;

269

: 1103–

1108.

13. Bronte-Stewart B, Antonis A, Eales AA, Brock JF. Effects of feeding different fats

on serum-cholesterol levels.

Lancet

1956;

270

: 521.

14. Bronte-Stewart, B. The effect of dietary fats on the blood lipids and their relation

to ischaemic heart disease.

Br Med Bull

1958;

14

: 243–244.

15. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Friedman GD, Glennon WE, Mcnamara PM. Risk factors

in coronary heart disease. An evaluation of several serum lipids as predictors of

coronary heart disease. The Framingham study.

Ann Intern Med

1964;

61

: 888–

899.

16. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD,

et al

. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle

management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College

of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.

American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on

practice guidelines.

J Am Coll Cardiol

2014;

63

(25 Pt B): 2960–2968.

17. Norman R, Bradshaw D, Steyn K, Gaziano T; South African Comparative Risk

Assessment collaborating group. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to

high cholesterol in South Africa in 2000.

S Afr Med J

2007;

97

(8 Pt 2): 708–715.

18. Steyn K, Langenhoven ML, Joubert G,

et al

. The relationship between dietary

factors and serum cholesterol values in the coloured population of the Cape

Peninsula.

S Afr Med J

1990;

78

: 63.

19. Seedat YK, Mayet FG, Khan S, Somers SR, Joubert G. Risk factors for coronary

heart disease in the Indians of Durban.

S Afr Med J

1990;

78

: 447–454.

20. Walker AR, Bhamjee D, Walker BF, Martin AP. Serum high-density lipoprotein

cholesterol, glucose tolerance and other variables in obese black adolescent girls.

S Afr Med J

1979;

56

: 221–224.

21. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP,

et al

. STAMPEDE investigators.

N Engl J Med

2014;

370

(21): 2002–2013.

22. Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG. Statin use before diabetes diagnosis and risk of

microvascular disease: a nationwide nested matched study. Lancet Diabetes

Endocrinol, Online Publication, 10 September 2014.

23. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH,

et al

. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on

the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular

risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart

Association Task Force on practice guidelines.

J Am Coll Cardiol

2014;

63

(25 Pt

B): 2889–2934.

24. Naci H, Ioannidis JP Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions

on mortality outcomes: meta-epidemiological study.

Br Med J

2013;

347

: 5577.

25. Banting W. Letter on corpulence, addressed to the public, 1869. Obes Res 1993;

1: 153–163.

26. Westman E, Phinney S, Volek J. New Atkins, New You. London: Vermillion, 2010.

27. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y,

et al

. Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled

Trial (DIRECT) group.Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or

low-fat diet.

N Engl J Med

2008;

359

: 229–241.

28. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ,

et al

. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different

compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.

N Engl J Med

2009;

360

: 859–

873.

29. Holloway CJ, Cochlin LE, Emmanuel Y,

et al

. A high-fat diet impairs cardiac high-

energy phosphate metabolism and cognitive function in healthy human subjects.

Am J Clin Nutr

2011;

93

: 748–755.

30. Emmanuel Y, Cochlin LE, Tyler DJ,

et al

. Human hippocampal energy metabolism

is impaired during cognitive activity in a lipid infusion model of insulin resistance.

Brain Behav

2013;

3

: 134–144.

Fig. 2.

This dietary pyramid starts at the bottom, with low carbohydrate intake

of about 20 g per day, then as exercise increases, works up to 40 to 100 g of

carbohydrates per day while maintaining weight loss, with the lifelong aim of

maintaining the ideal weight. Note that poultry, fish and beef (free of visible fat)

are allowed in the initiating phase. From Opie,

1

page 67.