VOLUME 10 NUMBER 2 • JUNE 2013
57
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
REVIEW
and having had more out-patients care visits in the past 12 months
were associatedwithhypertension. Unlike some other studies,
10,13,21,23-
25,33
this study did not find insufficient fruit and vegetable intake,
smoking, being physically inactive and having more limitations in
activities of daily living to be associated with hypertension. The
finding that current alcohol use was protective for hypertension in
this study may be in line with some previous studies where light-
to-moderate alcohol consumption decreased hypertension risk in
women and increased the risk in men.
21
The rates of awareness, treatment and control among the
hypertensive participants in the present study (38.1, 32.7 and
17.1%, respectively) were as low as in some studies in rural China
(35.2, 28.7 and 1.0%),
10
Senegal (49.5, 37.0 and 5.7%),
4
and Italy
(65.6, 59.5 and 10.5%).
18
They were however lower than in studies
in Costa Rica (74.9% aware and more than half controlled)
7
and in
the USA (74% aware and 51.6% controlled among men and 37%
controlled among women).
34
Table 2.
Multiple logistic regression of hypertension prevalence in older
South Africans
UOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Gender
Female
1.00
1.00
Male
0.75 (0.57–0.98)*
0.85 (0.80–1.63)
Age (years)
50–59
1.00
1.00
60–69
1.40 (1.12–1.75)**
1.30 (0.94–1.79)
70 and over
1.22 (0.87–1.70)
1.19 (0.80–1.78)
Population group
African black
1.00
1.00
White
1.14 (0.64–2.05)
1.23 (0.66–2.30)
Coloured
1.66 (1.07–2.59)*
1.89 (1.04–3.44)*
Indian or Asian
0.97 (0.59–1.60)
0.82 (0.47–1.42)
Marital status
Single
1.00
Married
0.71 (0.43–1.18)
Separated/divorced
0.86 (0.43–1.72)
Widow
1.20 (0.66–2.19)
Educational level
No schooling
1.00
Less than primary
1.15 (0.74–1.81)
Primary
1.18 (0.86–1.60)
Secondary
0.97 (0.71–1.31)
Wealth
Low
1.00
Medium
1.18 (0.78–1.77)
High
1.20 (0.80–1.80)
Geolocality
Rural
1.00
Urban
0.98 (0.59–1.65)
Other conditions
Stroke
2.67 (1.10–6.47)*
4.48 (1.48–13.59)**
Angina
0.92 (0.56–1.51)
Diabetes
2.65 (1.86–3.78)***
1.30 (0.86–1.98)
Overweight
(BMI ≥ 25 kg/m
2
)
1.67 (1.41–1.98)***
1.52 (1.15–2.01)**
Underweight
(BMI < 18.5 kg/m
2
)
0.53 (0.30–0.97)*
0.77 (0.36–1.64)
Arthritis
1.49 (1.06–2.11)*
1.13 (0.75–1.69)
Daily tobacco use
0.85 (0.56–1.30)
Alcohol use (past month)
0.64 (0.47–0.85)**
0.64 (0.49–0.84)**
Physical activity
Low
1.00
Moderate
1.01 (0.70–1.45)
High
0.92 (0.66–1.27)
Insufficient fruit and vegetables 0.96 (0.65–1.43)
Subjective health status
Very/good
1.00
1.00
Moderate
1.43 (1.12–1.83)**
1.41 (0.95–2.10)
Bad/very bad
1.44 (0.77–2.68)
1.27 (0.62–2.58)
Activity limitation
None
1.00
1.00
Mild
1.13 (0.84–1.52)
0.92 (0.59–1.45)
Moderate
1.30 (0.90–1.88)
0.92 (0.58–1.48)
Severe/extreme
2.10 (1.12–3.93)*
1.60 (0.70–3.64)
Social cohesion index
(range 9–72); mean (SD)
1.01 (0.9-1.03)
Outpatient visits in past 12 months
0
1.00
1.00
1–4
1.28 (0.84–1.96)
1.14 (0.80–1.63)
5 or more
1.94 (1.34–2.81)*** 1.93 (1.48–2.51)***
***
p
< 0.001; **
p
< 0.01; *
p
< 0.5.
Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression of awareness treatment and control
rates of hypertension among older adults in South Africa
Awareness
Treatment
Control of treated
(30.3%)
(24.8%)
(48.8%)
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Gender
Female
1.00
1.00
1.00
Male
0.68 (0.51–0.90)** 0.67 (0.50–0.88)** 1.09 (0.81–1.46)
Age
50-59
1.00
1.00
1.00
60-69
1.70 (1.16–2.48)** 1.89 (1.38–2.58)*** 0.73 (0.55–0.95)
70 and over 1.77 (1.22–2.59)** 2.15 (1.40–3.30)*** 0.73 (0.50–1.06)
Population group
African black
1.00
1.00
1.00
White
0.81 (0.40–1.62)
0.97 (0.52–1.83) 0.89 (0.44–1.80)
Coloured
1.00 (0.65–1.52)
1.09 (0.73–1.63) 0.80 (0.58–1.10)
Indian or Asian 1.08 (0.56–2.07)
1.45 (0.73–2.91) 1.25 (0.64–2.45)
Marital status
Single
1.00
1.00
1.00
Married
1.38 (0.83–2.29)
1.50 (0.85–2.66) 1.44 (0.90–2.29)
Separated/
divorced 1.17 (0.69–1.97)
1.11 (0.62–1.99) 1.11 (0.65–2.45)
Widow
1.67 (0.96–2.92)
1.45 (0.81–2.62) 1.51 (0.93–2.46)
Educational level
No schooling
1.00
1.00
1.00
Less than
primary
0.96 (0.65–1.52)
1.03 (0.67–1.58) 0.99 (0.64–1.54)
Primary
1.10 (0.72–1.68)
1.03 (0.65–1.61) 1.04 (0.73–1.49)
Secondary
0.94 (0.65–1.38)
1.09 (0.75–1.59) 1.54 (1.04–2.27)*
Wealth
Low
1.00
1.00
1.00
Medium 1.43 (0.98–2.08)
1.36 (0.84–2.20) 0.75 (0.49–1.15)
High
1.55 (1.00–2.40)* 1.34 (0.75–2.40) 0.93 (0.64–1.33)
Geolocality
Rural
1.00
1.00
1.00
Urban
1.27 (0.95–1.71)
1.30 (0.84–2.01) 1.17 (0.87–1.58)
Outpatient visits in
past 12 months
0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1–4
1.85 (1.10–3.11)* 1.94 (1.20–3.12)** 0.85 (0.61–1.17)
5 or more 4.49 (3.02–6.66)*** 5.95 (3.96–8.95)*** 0.87 (0.63–1.19)
***
p
< 0.001; **
p
< 0.01; *
p
< 0.5.
