SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE RESEARCH ARTICLE VOLUME 19 NUMBER 1 • July 2022 13 In Table 3, cardiometabolic risk factors and the MetS are compared by gender. Reference ranges from the IDF and ATPIII, indicated in Table 2, were used to compute the proportions. Cardiometabolic risk factors observed were hypertension (66%), obesity (21%), abdominal obesity by WC (46%), abdominal obesity by WHtR (72%), and elevated levels of cholesterol (15%) and glucose (7%), while the prevalence of the MetS was 17%. Significant differences of prevalence were observed for BMI, WC and WHtR. Table 4 shows the association of cardiometabolic risk factors and the MetS with age. Fifty-nine per cent of the participants were below 35 years of age and 35%were aged between 35 and 59 years, while 6%were aged 60 years and above. Reference ranges for the IDF and ATPIII, indicated in Table 2, were used to compute the proportions. The prevalence of hypertension, overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity by WC, WHR and WHtR increased significantly with age. The prevalence of the MetS was higher among those aged between 35 and 59 years (28%) and ≥ 60 years (60%), compared to participants aged < 35 years (10%) (p ≤ 0.0001). The likelihood of abdominal obesity (by WC) increased with age (35–59 years) (AOR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.75–9.56) and being married (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.19–7.64), but was less likely among males (AOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05–0.25). Being 35 to 59 years (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.09–7.16) and married (AOR = 4.11, 95% CI: 1.34–12.65) was associated with an increased risk for abdominal Table 4. Cardiometabolic risk factors and the MetS stratified by age All < 35 years 35–59 years ≥ 60 years Variables n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) p-value Blood pressure Normal 112 (34) 74 (39) 33 (30) 3 (15) Hypertension 217 (66) 114 (61) 76 (70) 17 (85) 0.054* BMI Normal 172 (55) 108 (60) 51 (48) 7 (37) Underweight 6 (2) 5 (3) 0 0 Overweight 76 (24) 38 (21) 26 (24) 6 (32) Obesity 66 (21) 30 (17) 30 (28) 6 (32) 0.052* WC Normal 86 (54) 63 (67) 19 (37) 3 (25) Abdominal obesity 73 (46) 31 (33) 32 (63) 9 (75) ≤ 0.0001* WHR Normal 116 (73) 83 (88) 28 (55) 4 (33) Abdominal obesity 43 (27) 11 (12) 23 (45) 8 (66) ≤ 0.0001* WHtR Normal 45 (28) 36 (38) 8 (16) 1 (8) Abdominal obesity 114 (72) 58 (62) 43 (84) 11 (91) 0.004* Cholesterol Normal 136 (86) 85 (89) 41 (80) 8 (73) Elevated 23 (15) 10 (11) 10 (20) 3 (27) 0.158 Glucose Normal 297 (93) 174 (97) 91 (85) 18 (90) Elevated 24 (7) 6 (3) 16 (15) 2 (10) 0.002* MetS No 273 (83) 168 (90) 79 (72) 12 (60) Yes 56 (17) 18 (10) 30 (28) 8 (40) ≤0.0001* BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist–hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MetS, metabolic syndrome; n, number of participants; %, percentage. *Indicates significant difference. Table 5. Association of cardiometabolic risk factors with selected independent variables Variables AOR 95% CI p-value Abdominal obesity (by WC) Gender Female 1 [Reference] Male 0.11 0.05–0.25 ≤ 0.0001* Age (years) < 35 1 [Reference] 35–59 4.17 1.75–9.56 0.001* ≥ 60 4.52 0.86–23.69 0.074 Marital status Single 1 [Reference] Cohabiting 1.47 0.51–4.91 0.472 Married 3.02 1.19–7.64 0.020* Abdominal obesity (by WHtR) Gender Female 1 [Reference] Male 0.23 0.11–0.52 ≤ 0.0001* Age (years) < 35 1 [Reference] 35–59 2.79 1.09–7.16 0.033* ≥ 60 3.05 0.32–34.45 0.286 Marital status Single 1 [Reference] Cohabiting 1.08 0.37–3.11 0.967 Married 4.11 1.34–12.65 0.014* Hypertension Gender Female 1 [Reference] Male 1.42 0.88–2.28 0.149 Age (years) < 35 1 [Reference] 35–59 1.46 0.88–2.43 0.139 ≥ 60 3.78 1.06–13.42 0.040* AOR, adjusted odds ratio; Mets, metabolic syndrome; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio. *Significant (p < 0.05). Table 6. Association of the MetS with selected independent variables MetS AOR 95% CI p-value Gender 1 [Reference] Female Male 0.42 0.20–0.90 0.026* Age (years) 1 [Reference] < 35 35–59 5.02 2.24–11.23 ≤ 0.0001* ≥ 60 6.57 1.57–7.54 0.010* Marital status 1 [Reference] Single Cohabiting 1.41 0.48–4.10 0.531 Married 1.96 0.82–4.66 0.129 AOR, adjusted odds ratio; MetS, metabolic syndrome. *Significant (p < 0.05). obesity (by WHtR), but was less likely in males (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.11–0.52). Hypertension was associated with being ≥ 60 years old (AOR = 3.78, 95% CI: 1.06–13.42) (Table 5). The relationship between the MetS and selected independent variables is presented in Table 6. In the bivariate logistic regression
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