SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE REVIEW VOLUME 20 NUMBER 2 • NOVEMBER 2023 33 standards of medical care in diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care 2020; 43(Suppl 1): S14–S31. 45. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2020; 41(1): 111–188. 46. Mosenzon O, Leibowitz G, Bhatt DL, Cahn A, Hirshberg B, Wei C, et al. Effect of saxagliptin on renal outcomes in the SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial. Diabetes Care 2017; 40(1): 69–76. 47. Zannad F, Cannon CP, Cushman WC, Bakris GL, Menon V, Perez AT, et al. Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2015; 385(9982): 2067–2076. 48. Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen OE, Cooper ME, Kahn SE, Marx N, et al. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc 2019; 321(1): 69–79. 49. Cornel JH, Bakris GL, Stevens SR, Alvarsson M, Bax WA, Chuang L-M, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on kidney function and respective cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: outcomes from TECOS. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(12): 2304–2310. 50. Wanner C. EMPA-REG OUTCOME: the nephrologist's point of view. Am J Cardiol 2017; 120(1): S59–S67. 51. Carbone S, Dixon DL. The CANVAS Program: implications of canagliflozin on reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18(1): 1–13. 52. Mosenzon O, Wiviott SD, Cahn A, Rozenberg A, Yanuv I, Goodrich EL, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on development and progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the DECLARE–TIMI 58 randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7(8): 606–617. 53. Hernandez AF, Green JB, Janmohamed S, D’Agostino RB, Granger CB, Jones NP, et al. Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2018; 392(10157): 1519–1529. 54. Karagiannis T, Tsapas A, Athanasiadou E, Avgerinos I, Liakos A, Matthews DR, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for older people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 174: 108737. PEARLOC 4 mg/5 mg, 4 mg/10 mg, 8 mg/ 5 mg, 8 mg/10 mg. Each tablet contains 4, 8 mg perindopril tert -butylamine respectively and 5, 10 mg amlodipine respectively. S3 A50/7.1.3/0230, 0231, 0232, 0233. For full prescribing information, refer to the professional information approved by SAHPRA, February 2021. PCC1037/06/2023. BIOEQUIVALENT TO THE ORIGINATOR PERINDOPRIL ARGININE/AMLODIPINE CUSTOMER CARE LINE +27 21 707 7000 www.pharmadynamics.co.za Red meat eaters have higher type 2 diabetes risk: US study People who regularly eat red meat may have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes later in life, suggest scientists, who after analysing data on 217 000 health professionals, found that those who regularly eat processed meats such as bacon and Vienna sausages, and cold meats such as polony, have an even greater risk. However, cutting down on red meat and making other lifestyle changes could help reduce risks, according to Xiao Gu, a nutrition researcher at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health and an author of the study, which was published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Rates of diabetes are rising in the United States and worldwide, reports The New York Times. For their study, Gu and his colleagues analysed data on nearly 217 000 health professionals who had participated in three large studies spanning several decades. The participants answered detailed questions about their diets and medical histories every two to four years. After adjusting for other factors, including physical activity and alcohol intake, the researchers found that the more servings of red meat that people ate, the more likely they were to develop diabetes. Those who ate the greatest amount, roughly two full servings of beef, pork or lamb every day, had a 62% higher risk of type 2 diabetes compared with people who ate the least, which was about two servings per week. The study does not show that eating red meat directly causes type 2 diabetes; it only shows an association between how much red meat you eat and your risk of disease. More than 80% of the participants were women, and 90% were white. The researchers found only a weak link between red meat and type 2 diabetes in Asian and Hispanic people, because the number of participants in these categories was so low. But the study’s findings echo other research that raises concerns about eating large amounts of red meat, and suggest that dietary changes could make an impact. Swopping just one serving of meat per day with plant-based sources of protein, such as like nuts and legumes, or with a dairy product such as yogurt, also lowered diabetes risk, according to the study. Why might red meat be harmful to your health? ‘Red meat has pros and cons,’ said Dr Ruchi Mathur, an endocrinologist at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles who was not involved in the study. It’s a valuable source of protein, vitamins such as B12 and minerals such as selenium. But it’s also high in saturated fat, and ‘depending on the processing, can be high in sodium and preservatives. None of these is good for our health.’ Previous research has linked saturated fat to insulin resistance in overweight and obese adults. And in animal studies, high levels Continued on page 35
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