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VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2 • JUNE 2012
57
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
All measures of dyslipidaemia were higher in the diabetics than
in the hypertensive and normal control subjects, with the exception
of HDL cholesterol, which was lowest in the diabetics compared
with the other groups, and the total cholesterol, which was highest
in the hypertensives. Uric acid levels were significantly higher in
the hypertensives than in the diabetics and controls (
p
< 0.01). See
Table 2 for biochemical parameters of the study population.
With the exception of the atherogenic index (AI) and LVH on
ECG, all the cardiovascular risk factors were statistically more
prevalent in the diabetics than in the normal controls. See Table 3
for the prevalence of CVD risk factors of the diabetic subjects and
normal controls.
All the cardiovascular risk factors were statistically more prevalent
in the hypertensives than in the normal controls. See Table 4 for
the prevalence of CVD risk factors of the hypertensive subjects and
normal controls.
Significant alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physical
activity, high LDL levels and dyslipidaemia were statistically more
prevalent in the diabetic patients (
p
< 0.001). The prevalence of low
HDL and high TG levels, and high WHR was higher in the diabetics,
although it was not statistically significant. High atherogenic index,
hyperuricaemia, LVH, and high BMI and WC were statistically more
prevalent in the hypertensives (
p
< 0.05,
p
< 0.001,
p
< 0.001,
p
<
0.001 and
p
< 0.001, respectively). The diabetics and hypertensives
showed no statistical difference in the prevalence of high total
cholesterol and microalbuminuria levels (
p
= 1.00,
p
= 1.00,
respectively) (Table 5).
Discussion
The prevalence of significant alcohol consumption (8.6%) was
significantly higher in the normotensive diabetics than in the
hypertensive subjects and normal controls (
p
= 0.01,
p
< 0.001,
respectively). This was lower than the prevalence of 17.24%
reported by Omotoso
et al
.
24
in their cohort. Alcohol consumption
in any population is usually dependent on its availability and socio-
cultural factors. Excessive alcohol consumption has been associated
with diabetes in adult Africans.
25
The prevalence of cigarette smoking (7.1%) was also significantly
higher in the diabetic group (
p
< 0.001), as there were no cigarette
smokers in the hypertensive and control groups. This prevalence
agrees with the report by Omotoso
et al
.,
24
but contrasts with a
higher prevalence reported from Asian
26
and Western population
studies.
7,27
Cigarette smoking is an independent and modifiable risk
factor for type 2 diabetes.
28
Table 2.
Biochemical parameters of the study population.
Parameters
Diabetics
(
n
= 70)
Hypertensives
(
n
= 70)
Control
(
n
= 71)
TC (mmol/l)
5.09 ± 1.59
5.24 ± 1.05* 4.44 ± 1.02
HDL-C (mmol/l)
1.71 ± 0.78 2.15 ± 1.05 1.93 ± 0.82
LDL-C (mmol/l)
2.66 ± 1.48* 2.37 ± 1.63 2.01 ± 1.13
TG (mmol/l)
1.59 ± 0.87* 1.58 ± 1.12 1.10 ± 0.42
AI
3.52 ± 2.03 3.37 ± 2.72 3.10 ± 3.03
UA (umol/l)
256.63 ± 113.75 314.39 ± 110.43* 310.01 ± 81.77
Cr (umol/l)
96.26 ± 35.11 92.60 ± 30.61 98.07 ± 24.66
FPG (mmol/l)
7.93 ± 4.74* 3.94 ± 0.70 3.94 ± 0.80
2 HPP (mmol/l)
12.44 ± 5.60* 6.09 ± 1.73 5.51 ± 1.22
TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low
density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; AI, atherogenic index (TC/
HDLC); UA, uric acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2HPP, two hours postpran-
dial glucose; Cr, creatinine. Mean ± SD. *Statistically significant difference.
Table 3.
Prevalence of CVD risk factors of the diabetics and normal controls.
Index
(CVD risk factors)
Diabetics
n
(%)
Control
n
(%)
Odds
ratio
χ
2
SAC
6 (8.6)* 0 (0)
Undefined 89.86
#
Cigarette smoking
5 (7.1)* 0 (0)
Undefined 71.45
#
PI
39 (55.7)* 23 (32.4)
1.62
110.14
BMI (kg/m
2
)
46 (65.7)* 27 (38.6)
3.05
147.15
WC (cm)
30 (42.9)* 15 (21.1)
2.818 109.20
WHR
51 (72.9)* 33 (46.5)
3.09
144.84
ECG LVH
4 (5.7)
3 (4.30)
1.35
1.78
#
Echo LVH
10 (14.3)* 6 (8.5)
1.8
16.65
TC (mmol/l)
39 (55.7)* 21 (29.6)
2.99
139.25
HDL-C (mmol/l)
15 (21.9)* 7 (9.9)
2.48
50.09
LDL-C (mmol/l)
33 (47.0)* 22 (31.0)
1.97
53.80
TG (mmol/l)
26 (37.1)* 5 (7.0)
7.84
263.56
AI
13 (18.6)
11 (15.5)
1.25
3.40
Dyslipidaemia
58 (82.9)* 34 (47.9)
5.27
270.70
Microalbuminuria
19 (27.2)* 9 (12.7)
2.57
65.83
Hyperuricaemia (µmol/l) 6 (8.60)* 14 (19.7)
2.61
50.7
AI, atherogenic index (TC/HDL); SAC, significant alcohol consumption; BMI,
body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; ECG
LVH, electrocardiographically diagnosed LVH; Echo LVH, echocardiographi-
cally diagnosed LVH; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C,
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; PI, physical inactivity.
#
Yates correction for continuity *Statistically significant difference.
Table 4.
Prevalence of CVD risk factors in hypertensives and normal controls.
Index
(CVD risk factors)
Hyperten-
sives
n
(%)
Control
n
(%)
Odds
ratio
χ
2
SAC
4 (5.70)* 0 (0)
Undefined 56.63
#
Cigarette smoking
0 (0)
0 (0)
-
-
PI
34 (48.6)* 23 (32.4)
1.97
54.45
BMI (kg/m
2
)
54 (74.3)* 27 (38.6)
4.60 259.21
WC (cm)
40 (57.1)* 15 (21.1)
4.98 272.13
WHR
49 (70)*
33 (46.5)
2.68 113.54
ECG LVH
48 (68.6)* 3 (4.3)
48.62 889.67
#
Echo LVH
52 (74.3)* 6 (8.5)
31.92 892.33
TC (mmol/l)
39 (55.7)* 21 (29.6)
2.99 139.25
HDL-C (mmol/l)
13 (18.6)* 7 (9.9)
2.08
30.97
LDL-C (mmol/l)
28 (40.0)* 22 (31.0)
1.48
17.68
TG (mmol/l)
25 (35.7)* 5 (7.0)
7.38 245.27
Dyslipidaemia
52 (74.3)* 34 (47.9)
3.14 146.60
AI
16 (22.9)* 11 (15.5)
1.62
17.65
Microalbuminuria
19 (27.2)* 9 (12.7)
2.57
65.83
Hyperuricaemia (µmol/l) 19 (27.1)* 14 (19.7)
1.52
15.28
AI, atherogenic index (TC/HDL); SAC, significant alcohol consumption; BMI,
body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio; ECGLVH,
electrocardiographically doagnosed LVH; Echo LVH, echocardiographically
diagnosed LVH; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-
density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; PI, physical inactivity.
#
Yates correction for continuity, *Statistically significant difference.