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SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
VOLUME 16 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2019
13
indicated in Table 2. Its prevalence rose with increasing age (Fig.
2A) and household income (Fig. 2B) but decreased with increasing
level of education (Fig. 2C). Similar trends were noticed for diabetes
mellitus (DM) with regard to age and household income (Fig. 2A,
B). CKD also increased with increasing age (Fig. 2A). The prevalence
of DM and CKD by sociodemographic characteristics is shown in
Table 2.
Discussion
The main findings of our study were that: (1) the most prevalent NCD
risk factors were low intake of fruit and vegetables, physical inactivity
and dyslipidaemia, with the majority of participants having multiple
factors; (2) nearly half (48.5%) of the participants were hypertensive,
and CKD and DM occurred in 13.6 and 8.0%, respectively; and (3)
the sociodemographic characteristics of age, income and education
impacted on the prevalence of the common NCDs and their risk
factors. Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables was the
most prevalent risk factor in this study, followed by physical inactivity
and obesity. This is in accord with the findings of many researchers.
Sufficient consumption of fruit and vegetables was lacking in 96.6%
of respondents in a Nepalese community.
19
Zaman and co-workers
20
reported that 92% of participants in a nationally representative
sample in Bangladesh reported inadequate intake of fruit and
vegetables (median serving of 1.6 portions/day).
In a study of university employees in western Nigeria, 96% of
participants had inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables.
8
Similarly, a high prevalence (90%) has been reported from northern
Nigeria.
6
However, in a community survey in eastern Nigeria, a
slightly lower proportion (70.4%) of respondents had inadequate
intake of fruit and vegetables.
21
Nonetheless, a high prevalence
of inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables exists in the general
population and that needs to be addressed.
Physical inactivity has been found to contribute significantly to
NCD-related mortality.
22
Three-quarters of the participants in our
study were physically inactive. This is in accord with the findings
of Oladimeji and co-workers,
6
who reported that 91% of workers
in the public sector were physically inactive. Likewise, nearly 80%
Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics and distribution of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors among 883 staff members of the Uni-
versity of Jos, Nigeria
Physical
Tobacco
Alcohol
Diet
inactivity
Obesity Dyslipidaemia
HPTN
DM
CKD
Variable % (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
All
2.9 (2.0–4.3) 24.0 (21.3–27.0) 94.6 (92.8–95.9) 77.8 (74.9–80.5) 26.7 (23.9–29.8) 51.8 (48.4–51.6) 48.5 (45.1–51.8) 8.0 (6.4–10.1) 13.6 (11.4–16.1)
Gender
Male
4.8 (3.2–7.1) 33.8 (29.8–38.0) 94.6 (92.2–96.3) 72.9 (68.9–76.7) 10.6 (8.1–13.6) 48.8 (44.4–53.1) 43.0 (38.7–47.4) 6.9 (5.0–9.5) 14.2 (11.4–17.6)
Female
0.3 (0.0–1.8) 9.9 (7.2–13.6) 94.5 (91.5–96.5) 84.8 (80.7–88.3) 50.0 (44.7–55.3) 55.0 (39.8–50.3) 56.4 (51.1–61.5) 9.7 (6.9–13.3) 12.7 (9.5–16.7)
Marital status
Married
3.0 (1.9-4.6) 24.3 (21.2-27.7) 94.6 (92.6-96.1) 79.5 (76.3-82.4) 27.0 (23.8-30.5) 53.2 (49.4-56.9) 49.4 (45.6-53.1) 8.8 (6.8-11.2) 13.0 (10.7-15.8)
Unmarried 2.8 (0.9–6.5) 22.7 (16.8–29.6) 94.3 (89.8–97.2) 71.0 (63.7–77.6) 25.6 (19.3–32.7) 46.0 (38.5–53.7) 44.9 (37.4–52.6) 5.1 (2.4–9.5) 15.9 (10.8–22.2)
Age group, years
< 20
0.0 (0.0–70.8) 0.0 (0.0–70.8) 100.0 (0.0–29.2) 100.0 (0.0–29.2) 0.0 (0.0–70.8) 33.3 (0.8–90.6) 33.3 (0.8–90.6) 0.0 (0.0–70.8) 0.0 (0.0–70.8)
21–30
7.2 (2.7–15.1) 7.2 (2.7–15.1) 88.0 (79.0–94.1) 73.5 (62.7–82.6) 7.2 (2.7–15.1) 36.1 (25.9–47.7) 14.5 (7.7–23.9) 2.4 (0.3–8.4) 7.2 (2.7–15.1)
31–40
3.1 (1.4–6.0) 22.2 (17.3–27.8) 94.9 (91.5–97.3) 69.3 (63.2–74.8) 22.2 (17.3–27.8) 42.4 (36.3–48.7) 36.2 (30.3–42.4) 3.9 (1.9–7.0) 15.6 (11.4–20.6)
41–50
2.0 (0.8–4.4) 29.9 (24.8–35.3) 96.9 (93.8–98.4) 80.6 (75.6–85.0) 29.9 (24.8–35.5) 53.4 (40.8–52.5) 49.0 (43.1–54.8) 5.8 (3.4–9.1) 12.6 (9.0–16.9)
51–60
2.3 (0.8–5.3) 34.9 (28.5–41.7) 93.5 (89.3–96.4) 85.6 (80.2–90.0) 34.9 (28.9–41.7) 65.1 (58.3–71.5) 71.2 (64.6–77.1) 16.7 (12.0–22.4) 14.4 (10.0–19.8)
61–70
3.2 (0.1–16.7) 32.3 (16.7–51.4) 96.8 (83.3–99.9) 77.4 (58.9–90.4) 32.3 (16.7–51.4) 64.5 (45.4–80.8) 80.6 (62.5–92.5) 19.4 (7.5–37.5) 19.4 (7.5–37.5)
Education, years
None
0.0 (0.0–60.2) 0.0 (0.0–60.2) 0.0 (0.0–60.2)
0.0 (0.0–60.2)
0.0 (0.0–60.2) 25.0 (0.6–80.6) 75.0 (19.4–99.4) 0.0 (0.0–60.2) 0.0 (0.0–60.2)
< 7 years 6.3 (2.1–14.0) 31.3 (21.3–42.6) 97.5 (91.3–99.7) 85.0 (75.3–92.0) 32.5 (22.4–43.9) 52.5 (41.0–63.8) 63.8 (52.2–74.2) 17.5 (9.9–27.6) 13.8 (7.1–23.3)
8–11 years 3.3 (0.7–9.2) 29.3 (20.3–39.8) 95.7 (89.2–98.8) 84.8 (75.8–91.4) 23.9 (15.6–33.9) 46.7 (36.3–57.4) 48.9 (38.3–59.6) 7.6 (3.1–15.1) 8.7 (3.8–16.4)
> 12 years 2.7 (1.6–4.3) 22.0 (18.9–25.5) 94.0 (91.8–95.7) 76.3 (72.7–79.5) 26.4 (23.1–30.1) 52.7 (48.7–56.6) 45.8 (41.8–49.7) 6.6 (4.9–8.9) 14.3 (11.7–17.3)
Staff cadre
Junior
4.4 (2.9–6.8) 25.9 (22.1–30.0) 94.5 (92.1–96.3) 77.2 (73.2–80.7) 20.8 (17.4–24.7) 57.7 (52.4–62.4) 43.2 (38.8–47.7) 5.7 (3.9–8.2) 12.9 (10.2–16.3)
Senior
1.0 (0.3–2.8) 21.6 (17.7–26.2) 94.6 (91.7–96.5) 78.6 (74.2–82.6) 34.3 (29.6–39.3) 47.3 (42.8–51.8) 55.2 (50.1–60.2) 11.1 (8.2–14.7) 14.4 (11.2–18.4)
Income quintile
Lowest
3.4 (1.1-7.9) 28.4 (21.2-36.5) 93.0 (87.6-96.6) 75.0 (67.1-81.8) 20.1 (13.9-27.6) 43.1 (34.8-51.6) 38.1 (30.2-46.6) 4.9 (2.0-9.8) 10.4 (5.9-16.6)
Second
6.1 (2.9-10.9) 28.6 (21.8-36.2) 93.2 (88.3-96.6) 81.7 (74.9-87.3) 20.1 (14.2-27.0) 48.8 (40.9-56.7) 40.2 (32.6-48.1) 4.9 (2.1-9.4) 15.8 (10.6-22.3)
Third
0.0 (0.0-100.0) 22.3 (15.8-30.1) 94.4 (89.2-97.5) 81.1 (73.7-87.1) 33.5 (25.8-41.9) 53.8 (45.3-62.2) 52.4 (43.9-60.8) 9.1 (4.9-15.0) 13.9 (8.7-20.7)
Fourth
3.0 (1.0-6.9) 18.2 (12.7-25.0) 95.7 (91.4-33.0) 82.9 (76.2-88.3) 25.6 (19.1-33.0) 57.3 (49.4-65.0) 56.1 (48.1-63.8) 11.6 (7.1-17.5) 11.5 (7.1-17.5)
Fifth
0.6 (0.02-3.5) 22.7 (16.3-30.1) 95.4 (90.8-98.1) 76.6 (90.8-98.1) 35.0 (27.5-43.1) 59.7 (51.5-67.6) 55.1 (46.9-63.2) 11.0 (6.6-17.1) 13.6 (8.6-20.0)
HPTN = hypertension; DM = diabetes mellitus; CKD = chronic kidney disease.