REVIEW
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
72
VOLUME 8 NUMBER 2 • JUNE 2011
of type 2 diabetes may change as their value becomes clearer, so
that these therapies may be used earlier in the treatment hierarchy.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of MediCine
International and Watermeadow Medical plc in preparing this
article, supported by Novo Nordisk UK.
Conflict of interest
S.K. declares support from Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca and
GlaxoSmithKline for research and honoraria for lectures and from
Eli Lilly for research consultancy. I.K. has no conflict of interest to
declare.
References
1.
Diabetes UK. Diabetes in the UK 2004. Diabetes UK 2004. www. diabetes.org.uk/
Documents/Reports/in_the_UK_2004.doc. Accessed April 2010.
2.
Diabetes UK. Diabetes and obesity rates soar. Diabetes UK 2009. www.
diabetes.org.uk/About_us/News_Landing_Page/Diabetes-andobesity-rates-soar/.
Accessed May 2010.
3.
Smyth S, Heron A. Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics.
Nat Med
2006;
12
: 75–80.
4.
Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A,
et al.
Long-term non-pharmacologic weight loss
interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2005;
2
: CD004095.
5.
Astrup A, Finer N. Redefining type 2 diabetes: ‘diabesity’ or ‘obesity dependent
diabetes mellitus’?
Obes Rev
2000;
1
: 57–9.
6.
Klein S, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB,
et al.
Waist circumference and cardiometabolic
risk: a consensus statement from shaping America’s health: Association for
Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, the Obesity Society; the
American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association.
Diabetes
Care
2007;
30
: 1647–52.
7.
Lee CM, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M. Indices of abdominal obesity are
better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta–analysis.
J
Clin Epidemiol
2008;
61
: 646–53.
8.
DeFronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Med Clin North Am
2004;
88
: 787–835.
9.
Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X,
et al.
Weight management through lifestyle
modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale
and strategies: a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North
American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for
Clinical Nutrition.
Diabetes Care
2004;
27
: 2067–73.
10. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG,
et al.
Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among
subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
N Engl J Med
2001;
344
: 1343–50.
11. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF,
et al.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research
Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes
Prevention Program Outcomes Study.
Lancet
2009;
374
: 1677–86.
12. Lloret-Linares C, Greenfield JR, Czernichow S. Effect of weight-reducing agents
on glycaemic parameters and progression to type 2 diabetes: a review.
Diabet
Med
2008;
25
: 1142–50.
13. Wing RR, Marcus MD, Epstein LH, Salata R. Type II diabetic subjects lose less
weight than their overweight nondiabetic spouses.
Diabetes Care
1987;
10
:
563–6.
14. Pi-Sunyer FX. Weight loss in type 2 diabetic patients.
Diabetes Care
2005;
28
:
1526–7.
15. Malone M. Medications associated with weight gain.
Ann Pharmacother
2005;
39
: 2046–55.
16. Goldstein DJ. Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss.
Int J Obes Relat
Metab Disord
1992;
16
: 397–415.
17. Wing RR, Koeske R, Epstein LH,
et al.
Long-term effects of modest weight loss in
type II diabetic patients.
Arch Intern Med
1987;
147
: 1749–53.
18. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Obesity: the prevention, identification,
assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children
(Guideline CG43). London: NICE, 2006. www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/
CG43NICEGuideline.pdf. Accessed April 2010.
19. Central Office of Information for the Department of Health. Care pathway for the
management of overweight and obesity. London: Department of Health, 2006.
www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/13/45/60/04134560.pdf. Accessed April 2010.
20. Tsigos C, Hainer V, Basdevant A,
et al.
Management of obesity in adults: European
clinical practice guidelines.
Obes Facts
2008;
1
: 106–16.
21. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Type 2 diabetes. National clinical guideline
for management in primary and secondary care (update). (Guideline CG66).
London: NICE, 2008. www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG66FullGuideline0509.
pdf. Accessed April 2010.
22. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB,
et al.
Medical management of hyperglycaemia
in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment
of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and
the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.
Diabetologia
2009;
52
:
17–30.
23. Brown SA, Upchurch S, Anding R,
et al.
Promoting weight loss in type II diabetes.
Diabetes Care
1996;
19
: 613–24.
24. Delahanty LM, Nathan DM. Implications of the diabetes prevention program and
Look AHEAD clinical trials for lifestyle interventions.
J Am Diet Assoc
2008;
108
(4 suppl 1): S66–72.
25. Look AHEAD Research Group. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease
risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes. One-year results of the Look
AHEAD trial.
Diabetes Care
2007;
30
: 1374–83.
26. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR, for the UKPDS Group. Glycemic control
with diets, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus.
J Am Med Assoc
1999;
281
: 2005–12.
27. European Medicines Agency. Xenical (orlistat). Summary of Product
Characteristics. London: European Medicines Agency, 2009. www.emea.europa.
eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/Xenical/H-154-PI-en.pdf. Accessed April 2010.
28. European Medicines Agency (EMA). European Medicines Agency recommends
suspension of marketing authorisations for sibutramine: Weight-loss medicine
associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events to be removed from all
markets in the European Union. Press release 21 Jan 2010. www.ema.europa.eu/
pdfs/human/referral/sibutramine/3940810en.pdf. Accessed April 2010
29. Padwal R, Kezouh A, Levine M, EtminanM. Long-term persistence with orlistat and
sibutramine in a population-based cohort.
Int J Obes (Lond)
2007;
31
: 1567–70.
30. Rubino F, Kaplan LM, Schauer PR, Cummings DE, on behalf of the Diabetes
Surgery Summit Delegates. The diabetes surgery summit consensus conference:
recommendations for the evaluation and use of gastrointestinal surgery to treat
type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Ann Surg
2010;
251
: 399–405.
31. Misra A, Chowbey P, Makkar BM,
et al.
Concensus Group. Consensus statement
for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for
Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical
management.
J Assoc Physicians India
2009;
57
: 163–70.
32. Flatt PR, Day C, Bailey CJ. Bariatric surgery: to treat diabesity.
Br J Diabetes Vasc
Dis
2009;
9
: 103–7.
33. Cannon CP, Kumar A. Treatment of overweight and obesity: lifestyle,
pharmacologic, and surgical options.
Clin Cornerstone
2009; 9: 55–71.
34. Pinkney J. Bariatric surgery for diabetes: gastric banding is simple and safe.
Br J
Diabetes Vasc Dis
2010;
10
: 139–42.
35. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K,
et al.
Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric
surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Am J Med
2009;
122
: 248–56.
36. Sjöstrom L, Narbro K, Sjöstrom CD,
et al.
Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality
in Swedish obese subjects.
N Engl J Med
2007;
357
: 741–52.
37. Knop FK. Resolution of type 2 diabetes following gastric bypass surgery:
involvement of gut-derived glucagon and glucagonotropic signalling.
Diabetologia
2009;
52
: 2270–6.
38. Pories WJ. Bariatric surgery: risks and rewards.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2008;
93
: S89–S96.
39. Brethauer SA, Chand B, Schauer PR. Risks and benefits of bariatric surgery:
current evidence.
Cleve Clin J Med
2006;
73
: 993–1007.
40. Bult MJF, van Dalen T, Muller AF. Surgical treatment of obesity.
Eur J Endocrin
2008;
158
: 135–45.
41. Salem L, Jensen CC, Flum DR. Are bariatric surgical outcomes worth their cost? A
systematic review.
J Am Coll Surg
2005;
200
: 270–8.
42. Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP.
Gastroenterology
2007;
132
: 2131–57.
43. Nauck MA, Baller B, Meier JJ. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like
peptide-1 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes
2004;
53
(suppl 3):
S190–6.
44. Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1.
Physiol Rev
2007;
87
: 1409–39.
45. European Medicines Agency. Byetta (exenatide). Summary of Product
Characteristics. London: European Medicines Agency, 2009. www. emea.europa.
eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/byetta/H-698-PI-en.pdf. Accessed April 2010.
46. European Medicines Agency. Victoza (liraglutide). Summary of Product
Characteristics. London: European Medicines Agency, 2009. www. emea.europa.