SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
REVIEW
VOLUME 8 NUMBER 2 • JUNE 2011
73
eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/victoza/H-1026-PI-en.pdf. Accessed April 2010.
47. European Medicines Agency. Januvia (sitagliptin). Summary of Product
Characteristics. London: European Medicines Agency, 2009. www. emea.europa.
eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/januvia/emea-combinedh722en.pdf. Accessed April
2010.
48. European Medicines Agency. Galvus (vildagliptin). Summary of Product
Characteristics. London: European Medicines Agency, 2009. www. emea.europa.
eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/jalra/emea-combinedh1048en.pdf. Accessed April
2010.
49. EMC. Onglyza (saxagliptin). Summary of product characteristics. Leatherheard:
Datapharm. www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/22315/SPC/Onglyza+5mg+
film-coated+tablets/. Accessed May 2010.
50. Astrup A, Rössner S, Van Gaal L,
et al.
, on behalf of the NN8022-1807 Study
Group. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-
blind, placebo-controlled study.
Lancet
2009;
374
: 1606–16.
51. Clinicaltrial.gov. Effects of exenatide on body weight in non-diabetic, obese
patients. Bethesda: US National Library of Medicine. www.clinicaltrial.gov/ct2/
show/NCT00500370?term=exenatide&cond=obesity&rank=4. Accessed May
2010
52. Schwarz B, Gouveia M, Chen J,
et al.
Cost-effectiveness of sitagliptinbased
treatment regimens in European patients with type 2 diabetes and haemoglobin
A1c above target on metformin monotherapy.
Diabetes Obes Metab
2008;
10
(suppl 1): 43–55.
53. Sullivan SD, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Conner C,
et al.
A simulation of the comparative
long-term effectiveness of liraglutide and glimepiride monotherapies in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pharmacotherapy
2009;
29
: 1280–8.
54. Khoo J, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M. Incretin-based therapies: new
treatments for type 2 diabetes in the new millennium.
Ther Clin Risk Manag
2009;
5
: 683–98.
55. Chen YE, Drucker DJ. Tissue-specific expression of unique mRNAs that encode
proglucagon-derived peptides or exendin 4 in the lizard.
J Biol Chem
1997;
272
:
4108–15.
56. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J,
et al.
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic
control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2004;
27
: 2628–35.
57. DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J,
et al.
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic
control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2
diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2005;
28
: 1092–100.
58. Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J,
et al.
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on
glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with
metformin and a sulfonylurea.
Diabetes Care
2005;
28
: 1083–91.
59. Zinman B, Hoogwerf BJ, Durán GS,
et al.
The effect of adding exenatide to a
thiazolidinedione in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med
2007;
146
: 477–85.
60. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: newer agents for blood
glucose control in type 2 diabetes (Guideline CG87). London: NICE, 2009. http://
guidance.nice.org.uk/CG87/Guidance/pdf/English. Accessed April 2010.
61. Klonoff DC, Buse JB, Nielsen LL,
et al.
Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity,
cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes
treated for at least 3 years.
Curr Med Res Opin
2008;
24
: 275–86.
62. Nauck MA, Duran S, Kim D
et al.
A comparison of twice-daily exenatide and
biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally
controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study.
Diabetologia
2007;
50
: 259–67.
63. Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2
diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Am Med Assoc
2007;
298
:
194–206.
64. Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R,
et al.
Liraglutide versus glimepiride mono-therapy
for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-
blind, parallel-treatment trial.
Lancet
2009;
373
: 473–81.
65. Zinman B, Gerich J, Buse JB,
et al.
Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like
peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione
in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD).
Diabetes Care
2009;
32
:
1224–30.
66. Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G,
et al.
Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice
a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational,
open-label trial (LEAD-6).
Lancet
2009;
374
: 39–47.
67. Russell-Jones D, Vaag A, Schmitz O,
et al.
Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and
placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2
diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met+SU): a randomised controlled trial.
Diabetologia
2009;
52
: 2046–55.
68. MarreM, Shaw J, BrandleM,
et al.
Liraglutide, a once-daily humanGLP-1 analogue,
added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in
glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in
subjects with Type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU).
Diabet Med
2009;
26
: 268–78.
69. Jendle J, Nauck MA, Matthews DR,
et al.
Weight loss with liraglutide, a once-
daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for type 2 diabetes treatment as
monotherapy or added to metformin, is primarily as a result of a reduction in fat
tissue.
Diabetes Obes Metab
2009;
11
: 1163–72.
70. Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K,
et al.
Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide,
glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes:
the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study.
Diabetes Care
2009;
32
: 84–90.
71. Matthews D, Marre M, Le-Thi T,
et al.
Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1
analog, significantly improves b-cell function in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes
2008;
57
(suppl 1): A150(505-P).
72. Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T,
et al.
, for the 1860-LIRA-DPP-4-Study Group.
Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have
adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-
group, open-label trial.
Lancet
2010;
375
: 1447–56.
73. Parks M, Rosebraugh C. Weighing risks and benefits of liraglutide: the FDA’s
review of a new antidiabetic therapy.
N Engl J Med
2010;
362
: 774–7.
74. Anderson SL, Trujillo JM. Association of pancreatitis with glucagon-like peptide-1
agonist use.
Ann Pharmacother
2010;
44
: 904–9.
75. Rosenstock J, Brazg R, Andryuk PJ,
et al.
Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl
peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy in
patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.
Clin Ther
2006;
28
: 1556–68.
76. Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK,
et al.
Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4
inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2
diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2006;
29
: 2632–7.
77. Goldstein BJ, Feinglos MN, Lunceford JK,
et al.
Effect of initial combination
therapy with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and metformin on
glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2007;
30
: 1979–
87.
78. Hermansen K, Kipnes M, Luo E,
et al.
Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl
peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin.
Diabetes Obes Metab
2007;
9
: 733–45.
79. Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D,
et al.
Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl
peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in
patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a
randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.
Diabetes Obes Metab
2007;
9
:
194–205.
80. Vilsbøll T, Rosenstock J, Yki-Järvinen H,
et al.
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin
when added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Obes
Metab
2010;
12
: 167–77.
81. Bosi E, Camisasca RP, Collober C,
et al.
Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control
over 24 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with
metformin.
Diabetes Care
2007;
30
: 890–5.
82. Garber AJ, Foley JE, Banerji MA,
et al.
Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control
in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with a sulphonylurea.
Diabetes Obes Metab
2008;
10
: 1047–56.
83. Garber AJ, Schweizer A, Baron MA,
et al.
Vildagliptin in combination with
pioglitazone improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes failing
thiazolidinedione monotherapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.
Diabetes Obes Metab
2007;
9
: 166–74.
84. Bolli G, Dotta F, Rochotte E, Cohen SE. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin vs.
pioglitazone when added to metformin: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind
study.
Diabetes Obes Metab
2008;
10
: 82–90.
85. Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Lerch CL. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
(DPP-4) inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2008;
2
: CD006739.
86. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Information for Health-care Professionals:
Acute pancreatitis and sitagliptin (marketed as Januvia and Janumet). Silver
Spring: FDA, 2009. www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInfor-
mationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfession-
als/ucm183764.htm. Accessed April 2010.