SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
CURRENT TOPICS
VOLUME 8 NUMBER 2 • JUNE 2011
79
For now, we believe that performing these novel surgical
interventions should only be part of research protocols with local
ethical approval and should be based on an interdisciplinary team
effort, the individual discussion of each case, and the patient’s
informed consent.
References
1.
Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Epidemiology of obesity in the western hemisphere.
J Clin
Endocrinol Metab
2008;
93
: S1–8.
2.
Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world: a
growing challenge.
N Engl J Med
2007;
356
: 213–5.
3.
Prospective studies Collaboration. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality
in 900,000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies.
Lancet
2009;
373
: 1083–96.
4.
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM,
et al
. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome.
A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on
Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American
Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society;
and International Association for the Study of Obesity.
Circulation
2009;
120
:
1640–5.
5.
Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T,
et al
. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Diabetes Care
2001;
24
: 683–9.
6.
Donnelly R, Emslie-Smith AM, Gardner ID, Morris AD. Vascular complications of
diabetes.
Br Med J
2000;
320
: 1062–6.
7.
Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T,
et al
. Mortality from coronary heart disease in
subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior
myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med
1998;
339
: 229–34.
8.
Saydah SH, Fradkin J, Cowie CC. Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease
among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes.
J Am Med Assoc
2004;
291
:
335–42.
9.
Thorpe LE, Upadhyay UD, Chamany S,
et al
. Prevalence and control of diabetes
and impaired fasting glucose in New York City.
Diabetes Care
2009;
32
: 57–62.
10. Ford ES, Li C, Little RR, Mokdad AH. Trends in A
1c
concentrations among U.S.
adults with diagnosed diabetes from 1999 to 2004.
Diabetes Care
2008;
31
:
102–04.
11. Emslie-Smith A, Dowall J, Morris A. The problem of polypharmacy in type 2
diabetes.
Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis
2003;
3
: 54–6.
12. Russell-Jones D. Current developments in the treatment of diabetes: the incretin
therapies.
Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis
2010;
10
: 21–30.
13. NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation,
and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Clinical guidelines on the
identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The
evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98–4083. Bethesda: National Institutes of
Health, 1998.
14. Sjöstrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M,
et al
. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular
risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery.
N Engl J Med
2004;
351
: 2683–93.
15. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E,
et al
. Bariatric surgery: A systematic review
and meta-analysis.
J Am Med Assoc
2004;
292
: 1724–37.
16. Vetter ML, Cardillo S, Rickels MR, Iqbal N. Narrative review: effect of bariatric
surgery on diabetes mellitus.
Ann Intern Med
2009;
150
: 94–103.
17. Flatt PR, Day C, Bailey CJ. Bariatric surgery: To treat diabesity.
Br J Diabetes Vasc
Dis
2009;
9
: 103–07.
18. Ferrannini E, Mingrone G. Impact of different bariatric surgical procedures on
insulin action and
β
-cell function in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2009;
32
:
514–20.
19. Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: Their relation to the
metabolic syndrome.
Endocrine Rev
2000;
21
: 697–738.
20. LeRoith D, Zick Y. Recent advances in our understanding of insulin action and
insulin resistance.
Diabetes Care
2001;
24
: 588–97.
21. Bell Ds.
β
-cell rejuvenation with thiazolidinediones.
Am J Med
2003;
115
(8A):20s–23S.
22. Haffner SM, Mykkänen L, Festa A,
et al
. Insulin-resistant prediabetic subjects
have more atherogenic risk factors than insulin-sensitive pre-diabetic subjects:
implications for preventing coronary heart disease during the prediabetic state.
Circulation
2000;
101
: 975–80.
23. Pi-sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati F,
et al
. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular
disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2007;
30
:
1374–83.
24. Dixon JB, O’Brien PE, Playfair J,
et al
. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional
therapy for type 2 diabetes.
J Am Med Assoc
2008;
299
: 316–23.
25. Morinigo R, Moize V, Musri M,
et al
. Glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY,
hunger, and satiety after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects.
J Clin
Endocrinol Metab
2006;
91
: 1735–40.
26. Karamanakos SN, Vanegas K, Kalfarentzos F, Alexandrides TK. Weight loss,
appetite suppression, and changes in fasting and postprandial ghrelin an peptide
YY levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: A prospective,
double-blind study.
Ann Surg
2008;
247
: 401–07.
27. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS,
et al
. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced
weight loss or gastric bypass surgery.
N Engl J Med
2002;
346
: 1623–30.
28. Holdstock C, Engström BE, Öhrvall M,
et al
. Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory
peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans.
J Clin Endocrinol
Metab
2003;
88
: 3177–83.
29. Korner J, Inabnet W, Conwell IM,
et al
. Differential effects of gastric bypass
and banding on circulating gut hormone and leptin levels.
Obesity
2006;
14
:
1553–61.
30. Nauck M, Homberger E, Siegel E,
et al
. Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads
in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses.
J Clin Endocrinol
Metab
1986;
63
: 492–8.
31. Drucker DJ. Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2003;
26
: 2929–40.
32. Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes.
Lancet
2006;
368
: 1696–05.
33. Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S,
et al
. Determinants of the impaired
secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients.
J Clin Endocrinol
Metab
2001;
86
: 3717–23.
34. Laferrere B, Heshka S, Wang K,
et al
. Incretin levels and effect are markedly
enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with
type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2007;
30
: 1709–16.
35. Santoro S, Milleo FQ, Malzoni CE,
et al
. Enterohormonal changes after digestive
adaptation: five-year results of a surgical proposal to treat obesity and associated
diseases.
Obes Surg
2008;
18
: 17–26.
36. Salinari S, Bertuzzi A, Asnaghi S,
et al
. First-phase insulin secretion restoration and
differential response to glucose load depending on the route of administration in
type 2 diabetic subjects after bariatric surgery.
Diabetes Care
2009;
32
: 375–80.
37. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2009.
Diabetes Care
2009;
32
: S13–61.
38. Currie CJ, Peters JR, Tynan A,
et al
. Survival as a function of HbA
1c
in people with
type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.
Lancet
2010;
375
: 481–9.
39. UK Prospective Diabetes study (UKPDs) Group. Effect of intensive blood–glucose
control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2
diabetes (UKPDs 34).
Lancet
1998;
352
: 854–65.
40. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA,
et al
. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone,
metformin, or glyburide monotherapy.
N Engl J Med
2006;
355
: 2427–43.
41. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular
outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med
2008;
358
: 2560–72.
42. Holman RR, Thorne KI, Farmer AJ,
et al
. Addition of biphasic, prandial, or basal
insulin to oral therapy in type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med
2007;
357
: 1716–30.
43. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes study Group. Effects of
intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med
2008;
358
: 2545–59.
44. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T,
et al
. Glucose control and vascular
complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med
2009;
360
: 129–39.
45. Rubino F. Is type 2 diabetes an operable intestinal disease? A provocative yet
reasonable hypothesis.
Diabetes Care
2008;
31
(suppl 2): S290–6.
46. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG,
et al
. Who would have thought it?
An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes
mellitus.
Ann Surg
1995;
222
: 339–52.
47. Cohen R, Schiavon CA, Pinheiro JS,
et al
. Duodenal-jejunal bypass for the
treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients with body mass index of 22–34 kg/m
2
: a
report of 2 cases.
Surg Obes Relat Dis
2007;
3
: 195–7.
48. Scopinaro N, Papadia F, Marinari G,
et al
. Long-term control of type 2 diabetes
mellitus and the other major components of the metabolic syndrome after
biliopancreatic diversion in patients with BMI
<
35 kg/m
2
.
Obes Surg
2007;
17
:
185–92.
49. DePaula AL, Macedo AL, Rassi N,
et al
. Laparoscopic treatment of type 2 diabetes
mellitus for patients with a body mass index less than 35.
Surg Endosc
2008;
22
: 706–16.
50. DePaula AL, Macedo AL, Rassi N,
et al
. Laparoscopic treatment of metabolic
syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Surg Endosc
2008;
22
: 2670–8.