96
VOLUME 13 NUMBER 2 • DECEMBER 2016
REVIEW
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
27. Elmahdi EM, Kaballo AM, Mukhtar EA. Features of non-insulindependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in the Sudan.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract
1991;
11
:
59–63.
28. Mbanya JC, Sobngwi E. Diabetes microvascular and macrovascular disease in
Africa.
J Cardiovasc Risk
2003;
10
: 97–102.
29. Mhando PA, Yudkin JS. The pattern of diabetic complications in African patients
in Dar es Salaam.
Trop Geogr Med
1980;
32
: 317–323.
30. Lester FT, Keen H. Macrovascular disease in middle-aged diabetic patients in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Diabetologia
1988;
31
: 361–367.
31. World Health Organization: WHO Global Infobase:
https://apps.who.int/
infobase/Indicators.aspx (Accesses 28 December 2011).
32. Bovet P, William J, Viswarathan B, Madeleine G, Romain S, Yerly P,
et al
. The
Seychelles Heart Study 2004; Ministry of Health and Social Development. http://
www.who.int/chp/steps/2004_STEPS_Report_ Seychelles.pdf (Accessed 28
December 2011).
33. Pampel F. Tobacco use in sub-Saharan Africa: Estimates from the demographic
health survey.
Soc Sci Med
2008;
66
(8): 1772–1783.
34. Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Regional, disease-specific patterns of smokingattributable
mortality in 2000.
Tobacco Control
2004;
13
: 388–395.
35. Rolfe M, Mendelsohn D, Armstrong JRM. Lipid levels in diabetic patients from
Central Africa.
Int Diabetes Digest
1993;
4
: 154–157.
36. Anaja HP, Isah HS, Abdu-Aguye I, Oburu NA. Lipid profiles in diabetic Nigerians:
a Zaria update.
Int Diabetes Digest
1995;
6
(4): 90–93.
37. Vorster HH. The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanisation of
Africans.
Public Health Nutr
2002;
5
: 239–243.
38. Kadiri S, Salako BL. Cardiovascular risk factors in middle aged Nigerians. East
Afr Med J 1997; 74(5): 303–306.
39. Mollentze WF, More AJ, Steyn AF, Joubert G, Steyn K, Oosthuizen GM,
et al
.
Coronary heart disease risk factors in a rural and urban Orange Free State black
population.
S Afr Med J
1995;
85
(2): 90–96.
40. National AIDS Coordinating Agency, Botswana. Progress report of the national
response to the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV and AIDS: Botswana
country report 2010. Gaborone, Ministry of Health, 2010.
41. Johnston MI, Fauci AS. An HIV vaccine-evolving concepts.
N Engl J Med
2007;
356
: 2073.
42. Francisci D, Giannini S, Baldelli F, Leone M, Belfiori B, Guglielmini G, Malincarne
L, Gresele P. HIV type 1 infection, and not short-termHAART, induces endothelial
dysfunction.
AIDS
2009;
23
(5): 589.
43. Baker JV, Duprez D, Rapkin J, Hullsiek KH, Quick H, Grimm R,
et al
. Untreated
HIV infection and large and small artery elasticity.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
2009;
52
(1): 25.
44. Chi D, Henry J, Kelley J, Thorpe R, Smith JK, Krishnaswamy G. The effects of HIV
infection on endothelial function.
Endothelium
2000;
7
(4): 223.
45. Ford ES, Greenwald JH, Richterman AG, Rupert A, Dutcher L, Badralmaa Y,
et
al
. Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident cardiovascular disease
events in chronic HIV infection.
AIDS
2010;
24
(10): 1509.
46. Seigneur M, Constans J, Blann A, Renard M, Pellegrin JL, Amiral J,
et al
. Soluble
adhesion molecules and endothelial cell damage in HIV infected patients.
Thromb Haemost 1997; 77(4): 646.
47. Lo J, Abbara S, Shturman L, Soni A, Wei J, Rocha-Filho JA,
et al
. Increased
prevalence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis detected by coronary computed
tomography angiography in HIV-infected men.
AIDS
2010;
24
(2): 243.
48. Grunfeld C, Pang M, Doerrler W, Shigenaga JK, Jensen P, Feingold KR. Lipids,
lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency
virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
J Clin Endocrinol
Metab
1992;
74
(5): 1045.
49. Dorrington R, Bourne D, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Timaeus IM. The impact
of HIV/AIDS on adult mortality in South Africa. Technical Report. Cape Town:
Burden of Disease Research Unit, Medical Research Council, 2001.
50. Kengne AP, Amoah AGM, Mbanya J-C. Cardiovascular complications of diabetes
mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa.
Circulation
2005;
112
: 3592–3601.
51. Steyn K, Sliwa K, Hawkens S, Commerford P, Onen C, Damasceno A,
et al
. Risk
Factors associated with myocardial infarction in Africa: The INTERHEART Africa
Study.
Circulation
2005;
112
(23): 3554–3561.
52. Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD,
et al
. Comparative quantification of
mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected risk factors. In: Lopez
AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M,
et al
. (eds). Global Burden of Disease and Risk
Factors. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006: 241–396.
53. Joubert J, McLean CA, Reid CM, Davel D, Pilloy W, Delport R,
et al
. Ischemic
heart disease in black South African stroke patients. Stroke 2000; 31: 1294–
1298.
54. Grusin H. Peculiarities of the African’s electrocardiogram and the changes
observed in serial studies.
Circulation
1954;
9
: 860–869.
55. Walker ARP, Walker BF. The bearing of race, age, sex and nutritional state on
the precordial electrocardiogram of young South African Bantu and Caucasian
subjects.
Am Heart J
1969;
77
: 441–459.
56. Ashcroft MT. Problems in interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs) and
questionnaires for effort pain in rural Jamaica.
West Indian Med J
1976;
300
:
1350.
57. Przybojewski JZ, Becker PH. ‘Pseudonormalisation’ of the ‘normal variant
pattern’ on the ECG of black subjects after intermittent acute myocardial
ischaemia: a case report.
S Afr Med J
1987;
24
: 110–113.
58. Norman R, Bradshaw D, Schneider M, Pieterse D, Groenewald P. Revised Burden
of disease estimates for the comparative risk factor assessment, South Africa
2000. Cape Town: Medical Research Council, 2006.
59. Seedat YK. Review: Diabetes mellitus in South African Indians.
Br J Diabetes
Vasc Dis
2005;
5
(5): 249–251.
60. Motala AA, Pirie F, Gouws E, Amod A, Omar MAK. High incidence of type 2
diabetes mellitus in South African Indians: a 10-year follow-up study.
Diabet
Med
2003;
20
: 23–30.
61. Omar MAK , R Seedat MA, Dyer RB, Motala AA, Knight LT, Becker PJ South
African Indians show a high prevalence of NIDDM and bimodality in plasma
glucose distribution.
Diabetes Care
1994;
17
: 70–73.
62. Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, Laubscher R, Nannan N, Nojilana B, Norman R,
et al
. Initial burden of disease estimates for South Africa 2000. Cape Town:
South African Medical Research Council, 2003. URL:
http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod/initialbodestimates.pdf (Accessed 28 December 2011).
63. World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bod_
deathbyregion.xls (Accessed 28 December 2011).
64. Tien PC, Schneider MF, Cole SR, Levine AM, Cohen M, DeHovitz J,
et al
.
Antiretroviral therapy exposure and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the
Women’s Interagency HIV Study.
AIDS
2007;
21
(13): 1739.
65. Brown TT, Li X, Cole SR, Kingsley LA, Palella FJ, Riddler SA,
et al
. Cumulative
exposure to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors is associated
with insulin resistance markers in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AIDS
2005;
19
(13): 1375.
66. Bradlow BA, Zion MM, Fleishman SJ. Heart disease in Africa, with particular
reference to Southern Africa.
Am J Cardiol
1964;
13
: 650–669.
C A R V E D I L O L
6,25 mg 12,5 mg 25 mg
RESTORE
cardiac function
Carvetrend 6,25 mg.
Each tablet contains 6,25 mg carvedilol. Reg. No.: RSA S3 37/7.1.3/0276 NAM NS2
08/7.1.3/0105 BOT S2 BOT1101790.
Carvetrend 12,5 mg.
Each tablet contains 12,5 mg carvedilol. Reg. No.:
RSA S3 37/7.1.3/0277 NAM NS2 08/7.1.3/0104 BOT S2 BOT1101791.
Carvetrend 25 mg.
Each tablet contains
25 mg carvedilol. Reg. No.: RSA S3 37/7.1.3/0278 NAM NS2 08/7.1.3/0103 BOT S2 BOT1101792. For full
prescribing information, refer to the package insert approved by the Medicines Control Council, 16 September
2004.
CDD123/07/2015.
ß
CUSTOMER CARE LINE
0860 PHARMA (742 762)
www.pharmadynamics.co.zaA Lupin Group Company