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SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
VOLUME 15 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2018
19
Table 7.
Awareness, treatment and control rates of diabetes by gender (Caxito, 2016)
Awareness
Treatment
Control
All
Female
Male
All
Female
Male
All
Female
Male
(
n
= 24)
(
n
= 10)
(
n
= 14)
(
n
= 10)
(
n
= 6)
(
n
= 4)
(
n
= 6)
(
n
= 5)
(
n
= 1)
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
Education (years
completed)
None
12.5
30.0
0.0
20.0
33.3
0
16.7
20.0
0
1–4
4.2
10.0
0.0
10.0
16.7
0
16.7
20.0
0
5–9
33.3
30.0
35.7
50.0
33.3
75.0
50.0
40.0
100.0
> 10
50.0
30.0
64.3
20.0
16.7
25.5
16.7
20.0
0
Age (years)
15–24
8.3
20.0
0.0
20.0
33.3
0
33.3
40.0
0
25–34
12.5
10.0
14.3
10.0
16.7
0
16.7
20.0
0
35–44
20.8
10.0
28.6
20.0
16.7
25.5
16.7
20.0
0
45–54
25.0
20.0
28.6
10.0
16.7
0
0
0
0
55–64
33.3
40.0
28.6
40.0
16.7
75.0
33.3
20.0
100.0
Table 6.
Awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension by gender (Caxito, 2016)
Awareness
Treatment
Control
All (
n
= 209) Female (
n
= 131) Male (
n
= 78) All (
n
= 68) Female (
n
= 41) Male (
n
= 27) All (
n
= 39) Female (
n
= 25) Male (
n
= 14)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
% (95% CI)
Education (years
completed)
None
21.5
34.4
0
17.6
26.8
3.7
10.3
16.0
0
(16.5–27.6)
(26.8–42.8)
(10.4–28.4)
(15.7–41.9)
(0.7–18.3)
(4.1–23.6)
(6.4–34.7)
1–4
31.1
40.5
15.4
27.9
39.0
11.1
25.6
40.0
0
(25.2–37.7)
(32.4–49.0)
(9.0–25.0)
(18.7–39.6)
(25.7–54.3)
(3.9–28.1)
(14.6–41.1)
(23.4–59.3)
5–9
28.2
22.1
38.5
29.4
26.8
33.3
33.3
36.0
28.6
(22.6–34.7)
(15.9–30.0)
(28.4–49.6) (19.9–41.1)
(15.7–41.9)
(18.6–52.2) (20.6–49.0)
(20.2–55.5)
(11.7–54.6)
> 10
19.1
3.1
46.2
25.0
7.3
51.9
30.8
8.0
71.4
(14.4–25.0)
(1.2–7.6)
(35.5–57.1) (16.2–36.4)
(2.5–19.4)
(34.0–69.3) (18.6–46.4)
(2.2–25.0)
(45.4–88.3)
Age (years)
15–24
2.9
0.8
6.4
1.5
2.4
0
2.6
4.0
0
(1.3–6.1)
(0.1–4.2)
(2.8–14.1)
(0.3–7.9)
(0.4–12.6)
(0.5–13.2)
(0.7–19.5)
25–34
16.7
12.2
24.4
26.5
24.4
29.6
33.3
32.0
35.7
(12.3–22.4)
(7.7–18.9)
(16.2–34.9) (17.4–38.0)
(13.8–39.3)
(15.9–48.5) (20.6–49.0)
(17.2–51.6)
(16.3–61.2)
35–44
19.6
19.1
20.5
20.6
19.5
22.2
25.6
24.0
28.6
(14.8–25.5)
(13.3–26.7)
(13.0–30.8) (12.7–31.6)
(10.2–34.0)
(10.6–40.8) (14.6–41.1)
(11.5–43.4)
(11.7–54.6)
45–54
31.1
37.4
20.5
23.5
26.8
18.5
17.9
20.0
14.3
(25.2–37.7)
(29.6–45.9)
(13.0–30.8) (15.0–34.9)
(15.7–41.9)
(8.2–36.7)
(9.0–32.7)
(8.9–39.1)
(4.0–39.9)
55–64
29.7
30.5
19.4
27.9
26.8
29.6
20.5
20.0
21.4
(23.9–36.2)
(23.3–38.9)
(19.4–39.0) (18.7–39.6)
(15.7–41.9)
(15.9–48.5) (10.8–35.5)
(8.9–39.1)
(7.6–47.6)
and obesity on the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes and
hypercholesterolaemia. The prevalence of these three conditions
was higher among individuals with less education, and increased
with age and BMI.
Obesity represents a major concern as a risk factor for CVD and
NCDs in general, and is connected with the current nutritional
transition in Africa, with a shift in the composition and structure
of diets traditionally low in fat and high in unrefined carbohydrates
toward higher intakes of refined carbohydrates, added sugars, fats
and animal-source foods.
28
This shift may have had an impact on
the rise in incidence of diabetes over the past decades, revealed in
recent literature reviews,
29-31
as well as a WHO estimation of the rise
in median prevalence of elevated total cholesterol for this region.
2
Similar to this nutritional transition, the process of urbanisation
underway in the region must be taken into consideration for
future interventions. Living in an urban area has been associated
with a two-fold increase in the prevalence of diabetes among this
population, as described in other studies.
1,29-31
Information regarding the awareness, treatment and control
rates for the three conditions investigated is scarce for the African
continent, except for hypertension; there are also some available
data with regard to diabetes. Our findings for awareness of
hypertension were higher than those calculated in 2010 for Africa,
with an estimated 33.7% pooled awareness rate.
32
Current values
for awareness, treatment and control of hypertension are higher
than in 2011 in the same population; results for awareness were
21.6% (95% CI: 17.0–26.9) in 2011 and 48.5% in the present
study. Values for participants who were aware of their condition
and on pharmacological treatment (13.9%, 95% CI: 5.9–29.1)
increased to 32.5%; approximately one-third of participants were
controlled in 2011 and more than half were controlled in our study.
This may have resulted from the positive effect of identification of