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SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
VOLUME 15 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2018
15
Table 1.
Socio-demographic, anthropometric and behavioural
characteristics of the population (Caxito, 2016)
All participants
Female
Male
(
n
= 2 354)
(
n
= 1 222)
(
n
= 1 132)
Parameters % (95% CI)* % (95% CI)* % (95% CI)*
Age (years) (
n
= 2 354)
15–24
36.2 (34.3–38.1) 30.1 (27.6–32.7) 42.7 (39.9–45.6)
25–34
25.9 (24.2–27.7) 25.4 (23.0–27.9) 26.5 (24.0–29.1)
35–45
16.1 (14.7–17.6) 18.7 (16.6–20.9) 13.3 (11.5–15.4)
45–54
12.6 (11.3–14.0) 15.3 (13.4–17.4) 9.7 (8.1–11.6)
55–64
9.2 (8.1–10.4)
10.6 (9.0–12.4)
7.8 (6.3–9.5)
Residence (
n
= 2 354)
Urban
81.0 (79.4–82.5) 81.2 (78.9–83.3) 80.8 (78.4–83.0)
Rural
19.0 (17.5–20.6) 18.8 (16.7–21.1) 19.2 (17.0–21.6)
Education (years completed) (
n
= 2 348)
None
9.3 (8.2–10.5) 16.6 (14.6–18.8)
1.4 (0.9–2.3)
1–4
23.1 (21.5–24.9) 34.5 (31.9–37.2) 10.9 (9.2–12.8)
5–9
42.2 (40.2–44.2) 35.7 (33.1–38.5) 49.2 (46.3–52.1)
> 10
25.4 (23.7–27.2) 13.1 (11.4–15.2) 38.5 (35.7–41.4)
BMI class (kg/m
2
) (
n
= 2 354)
Underweight
(< 18.5)
11.3 (10.1–12.6) 10.2 (8.7–12.1) 12.5 (10.7–14.5)
Normal
(18.5–24.9)
66.1 (64.1–67.9) 58.7 (55.9–61.4) 74.0 (71.4–76.5)
Overweight
(25.0–29.9)
15.8 (14.4–17.3) 20.5 (18.4–22.9) 10.7 (9.0–12.6)
Obese (≥ 30)
6.8 (5.9–7.9)
10.6 (9.0–12.4)
2.8 (2.0–4.0)
Abdominal obesity (
n
= 2 354)
No
75.1 (73.3–76.8) 63.5 (60.8–66.2) 87.6 (85.6–89.4)
Yes
24.9 (23.2–26.7) 36.5 (33.8–39.2) 12.4 (10.6–14.4)
Tobacco smoking (
n
= 2 342)
Non-current
93.8 (92.7–94.7) 97.3 (96.2–98.1) 90.0 (88.1–91.6)
Current
6.2 (5.3–7.3)
2.7 (1.9–3.8)
10.0 (8.4–11.9)
Alcohol consumption (
n
= 2 335)
No consumption 63.8 (61.8–65.7) 69.5 (66.9–72.0) 57.6 (54.7–60.4)
Occasional (< 3 days
per week)
18.8 (17.2–20.4) 19.6 (17.5–21.9) 17.8 (15.7–20.2)
Frequent (≥ 3 days
per week)
17.5 (16.0–19.1) 10.9 (9.2–12.7) 24.6 (22.2–27.2)
*Post-stratification weights used as described in the methods section.
Table 2.
Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia by gender and age (Caxito, 2016)
All Participants
Female
Male
15–64 years 18–64 years 25–64 years 15–64 years 18–64 years 25–64 years 15–64 years 18–64 years 25–64 years
Parameters
(
n
= 2 354) (
n
= 2 100) (
n
= 1 503) (
n
= 1 222) (
n
= 1 116)
(
n
= 854)
(
n
= 1 132)
(
n
= 984)
(
n
= 649)
Hypertension, %
18.0
20.0
26.6
20.0
21.8
27.8
15.9
18.1
25.1
(95% CI)
(16.5–19.6) (18.4–21.8)
(24.4–28.9) (17.8–22.3) (19.5–24.3) (24.9–30.8)
(13.9–18.1)
(15.8–20.6)
(21.9–28.6)
Diabetes, %
9.2
9.8
11.9
8.9
9.3
10.8
9.6
10.4
13.5
(95% CI)
(8.1–10.4)
(8.6–11.2)
(10.3–13.6)
(7.4–10.6)
(7.8–11.2)
(8.9–13.0)
(8.0–11.4)
(8.7–12.5)
(11.0–16.3)
Hypercholesterolaemia, % 4.0
4.4
5.5
5.6
6.0
7.4
2.0
2.4
2.9
(95% CI)
(3.2–5.0)
(3.5–5.5)
(4.4–6.9)
(4.3–7.2)
(4.7–7.8)
(5.7–9.5)
(1.2–3.2)
(1.5–3.8)
(1.8–4.8)
confidence interval (95% CI) and a significance level of
p
< 0.05
were set for all applicable determinations.
Results
The mean age of this population was 32.5 years (SD 13.6) with
63.0% (
n
= 1 482) women and the majority (81.0%) living in urban
settings. Nearly 10% had never received any formal education,
with men having completed more school years. Overall, almost a
quarter of participants had abdominal obesity (36.5% of women
and 12.4% of men), 6.8% were obese (10.6% of women and
2.8% of men), 6.2%were smokers (2.7% of women and 10.0% of
men) and approximately two-fifths consumed alcohol occasionally
or frequently, with a higher proportion of frequent drinkers among
men (24.6 vs 10.9%) (Table 1).
The prevalence of hypertension in the general population was
18.0%, reaching 20.0% in those over 18 years of age, and 26.6%
in those aged 25 to 64 years (Table 2). This prevalence was always
higher among women than men, but with no statistically significant
relationship (data not shown).
The overall prevalence of diabetes among participants aged 15
to 64 years was 9.2%; the prevalence among those over 18 years
old was 9.8%, and 11.9% in those aged over 25 years (Table 2).
Men had a higher OR than women for diabetes of 1.4 (95% CI:
1.0–1.8, data not shown).
Similar to that of hypertension and diabetes, the prevalence
of hypercholesterolaemia was higher in the older age groups,
with an estimated 5.5% in participants aged 25 to 64 years, and
a lower prevalence of 4.0% in the overall population (Table 2).
Women had an OR of 2.3 (95% CI: 1.3–4.0, data not show) for
hypercholesterolaemia.
Only five participants (0.2%; 95% CI: 0.1–0.4, data not shown)
presented all three conditions, but 22.0% (95% CI: 18.4–26.2,
data not shown) of hypertensive participants had an associated
condition, as did 37.2% (95% CI: 31.1–43.7, data not shown)
of participants with diabetes and 47.9% (95% CI: 36.7–59.3,
data not shown) of those with hypercholesterolaemia. The most
common associations were hypertension and diabetes, present in
71 individuals (3.0%; 95% CI: 2.4–3.7, data not shown).
The prevalence of hypertension was higher in rural areas (26.9
vs 15.9% in urban areas) for both genders. Individuals with lower
levels of education had a higher prevalence of hypertension, with
women with no formal education presenting an OR for hypertension
of 4.3 (Table 3).
Hypertension was higher among the obese (34.9% of women
and 48.5% of men) and individuals with abdominal obesity (32.5%
of women and 45.7% of men), with a higher OR in men for both
conditions (Table 3). Hypertension prevalence was also higher
among current smokers (50.0% in women and 20.4% in men) and
frequent alcohol drinkers (28.0% in women and 24.3% in men).
Men presented a higher OR for hypertension than women, related
to the consumption of alcohol (Table 3).
Residents in urban areas presented a higher prevalence of
diabetes, with a significantly higher OR for diabetes in men.
Participants with lower education levels had a higher prevalence of
diabetes, but without statistical significance (Table 4).
With regard to anthropometric variables, there was a higher