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RESEARCH ARTICLE
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
16
VOLUME 15 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2018
Table 3.
Prevalence of hypertension and relationship with other factors by gender (Caxito, 2016)
All Participants
Female
Male
(
n
= 2 354)
(
n
= 1 222)
(
n
= 1 132)
Prevalence
Prevalence
Adjusted OR
a, b
Prevalence
Adjusted OR
a, b
Associated factor
% (95% CI)*
% (95% CI)*
(95% CI)*
% (95% CI)*
(95% CI)*
Total
18.0 (16.5–19.6)
20.0 (17.8–22.3)
–
15.9 (13.9–18.1)
–
Age (years)
15–24
2.8 (1.9–4.2)
1.9 (0.9–3.9)
1
3.5 (2.2–5.6)
1
25–34
12.3 (9.9–15.2)
10.6 (7.7–14.6)
6.6 (2.8–15.4)
14.3 (10.8–18.8)
4.6 (2.6–8.2)
35–44
25.6 (21.5–72.0)
26.8 (21.4–32.9)
20.3 (8.9–46.5)
23.8 (17.7-31.2)
8.7 (4.7-16.0)
45–54
38.7 (33.4–44.4)
39.6 (32.8–39.6)
36.6 (16.0–83.8)
37.3 (28.8–46.6)
16.2 (8.7–30.0)
55–64
51.6 (45.0–58.2)
53.5 (44.9–61.9)
63.4 (27.1–147.9)
48.9 (38.7–59.1)
26.4 (13.9–50.0)
Residence
Urban
15.9 (14.3–17.6)
17.6 (15.3–20.1)
–
14.0 (11.9–16.4)
–
Rural
26.9 (23.0–31.2)
30.0 (24.4–36.2)
–
23.5 (18.4–29.6)
–
Education (years completed)
None
45.4 (38.9–52.0)
45.5 (38.8–52.4)
4.3 (1.8–10.2)
46.7 (24.8–69.9)
2.0 (0.6–6.5)
1–4
24.9 (21.4–28.7)
23.3 (19.5–27.6)
2.4 (1.0–5.4)
29.8 (22.5–38.4)
0.8 (0.5–1.5)
5–9
12.7 (10.8–14.9)
10.3 (7.8–13.6)
2.2 (0.9–5.1)
14.5 (11.8–17.7)
0.9 (0.6–1.4)
> 10
10.4 (8.2–13.1)
4.4 (2.1–8.8)
1
12.6 (9.8–16.1)
1
BMI class (kg/m
2
)
Underweight (< 18.5)
11.0 (7.8-15.3)
12.9 (8.1-19.0)
1
9.3 (5.5-15.2)
1
Normal (18.5–24.9)
15.2 (13.5–17.1)
17.0 (14.4–19.9)
1.1 (0.6–2.1)
13.7 (11.5–16.2)
1.3 (0.7–2.5)
Overweight (25.0–29.9)
25.8 (21.6–30.5)
23.9 (19.0–29.5)
1.2 (0.6–2.3)
29.2 (21.8–37.8)
2.2 (1.1–4.7)
Obese (≥ 30)
37.3 (30.2–45.0)
34.9 (27.2–43.4)
2.0 (1.0–4.1)
48.5 (32.5–64.8)
5.1 (1.9–13.4)
Abdominal obesity
No
12.1 (10.6–13.7)
12.6 (10.5–15.2)
1
11.6 (9.7–13.7)
1
Yes
35.7 (31.9–39.6)
32.5 (28.3–37.0)
1.6 (1.2-2.3)
45.7 (37.7–54.0)
2.8 (1.8–4.3)
Tobacco smoking
Non-current
17.3 (15.8–18.9)
18.9 (16.7–21.2)
–
15.5 (13.4–17.8)
–
Current
26.7 (20.2–34.4)
50.0 (34.1–65.9)
–
20.4 (14.0–28.7)
–
Alcohol consumption
No consumpion
14.2 (12.6–16.1)
18.1 (15.7–20.9)
1
9.1 (7.2–11.6)
1
Occasional (< 3 days per week)
23.5 (19.8–23.5)
21.4 (16.7–27.1)
0.9 (0.6–1.4)
26.0 (20.4–32.5)
2.5 (1.6–4.0)
Frequent (≥ 3 days per week)
25.5 (21.5–25.5)
28.0 (21.1–36.2)
1.7 (1.1–2.7)
24.3 (19.6–29.7)
2.5 (1.7–3.9)
*Post-stratification weights used as described in the methods section.
a
Adjusted for age (categorical: 15–23, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, and 55–64).
b
Only variables with relations with statistical significance shown.
prevalence of diabetes among obese participants (17.1% in women
and 24.2% in men) and those with abdominal obesity (8.8% in
women and 24.3% in men). Men with obesity (2.4 vs underweight)
and abdominal obesity (2.3 vs no abdominal obesity) presented
higher ORs for diabetes than women (2.1 for obese vs underweight
and 1.5 for abdominal obesity) (Table 4).
For current smokers and occasional consumers of alcohol the
prevalenceof diabeteswas higher, butwithno significant relationship
(Table 4). No significant relationships were found with education,
residence, BMI, abdominal obesity, tobacco smoking and alcohol
consumption; however, the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia
was higher among less educated individuals, the obese, smokers
and frequent alcohol drinkers (Table 5).
The majority of the population (61.5%;
n
= 1 460) reported
previous measures of blood pressure, and nearly half (48.5%) of
the hypertensive participants were aware of their condition. Only
32.5% of the aware hypertensive participants were on treatment
and 57.7% of them had their blood pressure controlled. This
represented only 9.1% of all hypertensive participants (Fig. 1).
Only 7.3% (
n
= 172) of the population reported previous
measurement of glycaemia, with a low awareness rate of 10.8%
among participants with diabetes in this study. Of the aware
participants, 41.7% were receiving treatment (4.5% of all
hyperglycaemic participants) and 60.0% had a controlled blood
sugar level (Fig. 1). Only 2.9% (
n
= 68) of participants reported
previous measures of cholesterolaemia and only 4.2% of individuals
with hypercholesterolaemia were aware of their condition (Fig. 1).
The hypertension awareness rate was higher among women
(62.7%; 95% CI: 55.9–69.0) and older participants, without
a difference regarding education level (Table 6). The diabetes
awareness rate was higher among men (58.3%; 95% CI: 38.8–
75.5), older participants and those with higher education levels
(Table 7). The hypercholesterolaemia awareness rate was higher
among women (66.7%; 95% CI: 20.8–93.9), older age groups
and higher education levels (Table 8). The treatment rate of all
conditions was more prevalent in the older age groups and higher
education levels, but the control rate was more frequent in younger
participants.
Among the individuals who were aware of any of the three
conditions, the advice most often given by healthcare professionals
to follow non-pharmacological approaches for the management
of cardiovascular risk factors was a change in dietary habits, with
a decrease in salt and fat intake, and increased fruit and vegetable
intake (Table 9).