SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
VOLUME 16 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2019
29
arterial hypertension: Systematic review.
Br Med J
2007;
6
: 335. doi: 10.1136/
bmj.39276.636354.AE.
24. Mbewu A, Mbanya JC. Cardiovascular disease. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG,
Makgoba MW,
et al
. (eds). Diseases and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd edn.
Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/
The World Bank; 2006, Chapter 21. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2294/. Accessed 2017/01/04.
25. Prakaschandra DR, Esterhuizen TM, Motala AA, Gathiram P, Naidoo DP. High
prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Durban. South African Indians: the
Phoenix lifestyle project. S Afr Med J 2016; 106(3): 284–289. DOI:10.7196/
SAMJ.2016.v106i3.9837.
26. National Department of Health (NDoH), Statistics South Africa (Stats SA),
South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), and ICF. 2017. South Africa
Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Key Indicators. Pretoria, South Africa, and
Rockville, Maryland, USA: NDoH, Stats SA, SAMRC, and ICF.
27. Human Science Research Council of South Africa. South African National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). Available at http://
www.hsrc.ac.za/uploads/pageContent/3896/SANHANES-1%20Report%20%20Launch%20Presentation%20%206%20August%202013%20FINAL.pdf.
Accessed 2017/01/06.
28. Goff, Jr DC, Bertoni AG, Kramer H, Bonds D, Blumenthal RS, Tsai MY,
et al
.
Dyslipidemia prevalence, treatment and control in the Multi-Ethnic Study of
Atherosclerosis (MESA): gender, ethnicity and coronary artery calcium.
Circulation
2006;
113
: 647–656.
29. Williamson JD, Launer LJ, Bryan RN, Coker LH, Lazar RM, Gerstein HC,
et al
.
Cognitive function and brain structure in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus
after intensive lowering of blood pressure and lipid levels: A randomized
clinical trial.
J Am Med Assoc Intern Med
2014;
174
: 324–333. doi:10.1001/
jamainternmed.2013.13656.
30. Iloh GUP, Chuku A, Obiegbu NP, Ofoedu JN, Ikwundima AO. Frequency
of cardiovascular risk factors in adult Nigerians with family history of non-
communicable cardiovascular disease in a primary care clinic of a tertiary hospital
in a resource-constrained environment of eastern Nigeria.
Am J Health Res
2013;
1
: 17–25. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20130101.13.
31. Kotchen TA. The search for strategies to control hypertension.
Circulation
2010;
122
(12): 1141–1143. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.978759.
32. Nguyen DM, El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of obesity.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am
2010;
39
: 1–7.
33. Kautzky-Willer A, Dorner T, Jensby A, Rieder A. Women show a closer association
between educational level and hypertension or diabetes mellitus than males: a
secondary analysis from the Austrian HIS.
BMC Public Health
2012;
12
: 392–
402.
34. Ziraba AK, Fotso1 JC, Ochako1 R. Overweight and obesity in urban Africa:
A problem of the rich or the poor? BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 465. doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-9-465.
35. Caballero B. The global epidemic of obesity: An overview. Epidemiologic Rev
2007; 29: 1–5.
36. Nwasuruba C, Khan M, Egede LE. Racial/ethnic differences in multiple self-care
behaviors in adults with diabetes.
J Gen Intern Med
2007;
22
: 115–120. doi:
10.1007/s11606-007-0120-9.
37. Taher YA, Sherif FM. Prevalence of associated risk factors of hypertension in Libyan
patients.
J Pharmacol Clin Res
2017;
4
(1): 1–7. doi: 10.0219084JPCR201704.
38. Kokkinos PF, Glannelou A, Manolis A, Pittaras A. Physical activity in the prevention
and management of high blood pressure.
Hellenic J Cardiol
2009;
50
: 52–59.
39. Aro AA, Agbo S, Omole OB. Factors influencing regular physical exercise among
the elderly in residential care facilities in a South African health district.
Afr J
Prm Health Care Fam Med
2018;
10
(1): 1493. https://
doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v10i1.1493.
40. Dhungana RR, Pandey AR, Bista B, Joshi S, Devkota S. Prevalence and associated
factors of hypertension: a community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities
of Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Hypertens 2016: 1656938, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.
org/10.1155/2016/1656938.
41. Sadreameli SC, Kopp BT, Creary SC, Eakin MN, McGrath-Morrow S, Strouse JJ.
Second hand smoke is an important modifiable risk factor in sickle cell disease:
A review of the current literature and areas for future research.
Int J Environ Res
Public Health
2016;
13
: 1131. doi:10.3390/ijerph13111131.
42. Ayo-Yusuf OA, Omole OB. Snuff use and the risk for hypertension among black
South African women.
SA Fam Pract
2008;
50
(2): 64.
43. Sharma MK, Manjula SLN, Marimuthu M, Ahmad PM. Exploring the role of
religion in smoking.
Delhi Psychiatry J
2011;
14
: 129–132.
44. Brown QL, Linton SL, Harrell PT, Alexandre PK, Ohen KF, Mancha BE,
et al
.
Influence of religious attendance on smoking. Substance use misuse 2014;
49
(11): 1392–1399.
45. Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe SW, Gmel G, Hasan OSM, Rehm J. The effect of
a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and
meta-analysis.
Lancet Public Health
2017;
2
: e108–120.
46. Peltzer K, Davids A, Njuho P. Alcohol use and problem drinking in South Africa:
Findings from a national population-based survey.
Afr J Psychiatry
2011;
14
:
30–37.
47. Pletcher MJ, Varosy P, Kiefe I, Lewis CE, Sidney S, Hulley SB. Alcohol consumption,
binge drinking, and early coronary calcification: findings from the Coronary Artery
Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
Am J Epidemiol
2005;
161
:
423–433.
48. Erasmus R, Soita D, Hassan M, Blanco-Blanco E, Vergotine Z, Kengne A,
et al
.
High prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in a South African
coloured population: Baseline data of a study in Bellville, Cape Town.
S Afr Med
J
2012;
102
(11): 841–844. doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.5670.
49. Liu J, Zhao D, Liu J, Qi Y, Sun J, Wang W. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in
outpatients with essential hypertension in China: a crosssectional study.
Br Med J
Open
2013;
3
: e003798. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2013-003798.
50. Dale AC, Nilsen TI, Vatten L, Midthjell K, Wiseth R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of
fatal ischaemic heart disease by gender: 18 years follow-up of 74 914 individuals
in the HUNT 1 Study.
Eur Heart J
2007;
28
: 2924–2929. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/
ehm447. Accessed 2017/01/04.
51. Habib SS. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes: An enigma of dyslipidemia,
thrombosis and inflammation.
Basic Res J Med Clin Sci
2012;
1
: 33–42.
52. O’Donnell CJ, Nabel EG. Genomics of cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med
2011;
365
: 2098–2109.
53. Onwukwe SC, Omole OB. Drug therapy, lifestyle modification and blood pressure
control in a primary care facility, south of Johannesburg, South Africa: An audit
of hypertension management.
S Afr Fam Pract
2012;
54
(2): 156–161.
54. Batubenga MM, Omole OB, Bondo MC. Factors associated with blood pressure
control among patients attending the outpatient clinic of a South African district
hospital.
Trop Doct
2015;
45
: 225–230.
55. Katholi RE, Couri DM. Left ventricular hypertrophy: major risk factor in patients
with hypertension: update and practical clinical applications.
Int J Hypertens
2011;
2011
: 495349. doi:10.4061/2011/495349
DYNAFIL 50, 100 mg.
Each tablet contains sildenafil citrate equivalent to 50, 100 mg sildenafil respectively.
S4 A42/7.1.5/1071, 1072. NAM NS2 13/7.1.5/0086, 0087. For full prescribing information, refer to the
professional information approved by SAHPRA, September 2012.
1)
Rhoden EL,
et al.
The use of simplified
International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool to study the prevalence of erectile
dysfunction.
Int. Jour. of Imp. Res.
2002;14:245-250.
DLA515/05/2019
.
CUSTOMER CARE LINE
0860 PHARMA (742 762) / +27 21 707 7000
www.pharmadynamics.co.zaSILDENAFIL 50 mg•100 mg
1 in 2
men over 40 years suffer
from some degree of
ED
.
1
ED
is more common than your patient
realises,
please tell him
!
Let’s speak up!