36 / 48
RESEARCH ARTICLE
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
34
VOLUME 16 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2019
7. Richard N. Obesity-related hypertension.
Ochsner J
2009;
9
(3): 133–136.
8. Sanchez-Viveros S, Barquera S, Medina-Solis CE, Velazquez-Alva MC, Valdez R.
Association between diabetes mellitus and hypertension with anthropometric
indicators in older adults: results of the Mexican Health Survey, 2000.
J Nutr
Health Aging
2008;
12
(5): 327–333.
9. Silva SM, Facchini LA, Tomasi E, Piccini R, Thume E, Silveira DS,
et al
. Advice for
salt, sugar and fat intake habits among adults: a nationalbased study.
Rev Bras
Epidemiol
2013;
16
: 995–1004.
10. Nafiu OO, Zepeda A, Curcio C, Prasad Y. Association of neck circumference and
obesity status with elevated blood pressure in children.
J Hum Hypertens
2014;
28
(4): 263.
11. Idler EL, Benyamini Y. Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven
community studies.
J Health Soc Behav
1997: 21–37.
12. Monyeki KD, Kemper HCG, Makgae PJ. Relationship between fat patterns,
physical fitness and blood pressure of rural South African children: Ellisras
Longitudinal Growth and Health Study.
J Hum Hypertens
2008;
22
: 311–319;
advance online publication, February 14, 2008; doi:10.1038 /jhh. 2008.3
13. Sidiropoulos E, Jeffery A, Mackay S, Gallocher R, Forgey H, Chips C. South Africa
Survey 1995/1996. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race and Relations
1996: 234–360.
14. Statistics South Africa. Cause of death in South Africa 1997–2001. Advance
Release of Records of Death. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2002: 18–42.
15. Monyeki KD, Van Lenthe FJ, Steyn NP. Obesity: does it occur in African children in
a rural community in South Africa?.
Int J Epidemiol
1999;
28
(2): 287–292.
16. Monyeki KD, Cameron N, Getz B. Growth and nutritional status of rural South
African children 3–10 years old: The Ellisras growth study.
Am J Hum Biol
2000;
12
(1): 42–49.
17. Norton K, Olds T (eds). Anthropometrica:
A Textbook of Body Measurement for
Sports and Health Courses.
UNSW Press, 1996.
18. National high blood pressure education program (NHBPEP) working group on
hypertension control in children and adolescents. Update on the 1987 task force
report on high blood pressure in children and adolescents: a working group report
from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program.
Pediatrics
1996;
98
:
649–658.
19. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High
Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis,
evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.
Pediatrics
2004;
114
: 555–576.
20. Monyeki KD, Kemper HC. The risk factors for elevated blood pressure and how
to address cardiovascular risk factors: a review in paediatric populations.
J Hum
Hypertens
2008;
22
(7): 450.
21. Higgins JR, de Swiet M. Blood-pressure measurement and classification in
pregnancy.
Lancet
2001;
357
(9250): 131–135.
22. Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist‐to‐height ratio is a better screening tool than
waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic
review and meta‐analysis.
Obes Rev
2012;
13
(3): 275–286.
23. Twisk JW, Kemper HC, Van Mechelen W, Post GB. Tracking of risk factors for
coronary heart disease over a 14-year period: a comparison between lifestyle and
biologic risk factors with data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.
Am
J Epidemiol
1997;
145
(10): 888–898.
24. Zhu S, Heshka S, Wang Z, Shen W, Allison DB, Ross R, Heymsfield SB. Combination
of BMI and waist circumference for identifying cardiovascular risk factors in
whites.
Obesity
2004;
12
(4): 633–645.
25. Sakurai M, Miura K, Takamura T, Ota T, Ishizaki M, Morikawa Y,
et al
. Gender
differences in the association between anthropometric indices of obesity and
blood pressure in Japanese.
Hypertens Res
2006;
29
(2): 75.
26. Barbosa PV, Makhlouf AA, Thorner D, Ugarte R, Monga M. Optimal cut-off points
for obesity: using simple anthropometric indices for prediction for the risk of
hypertension.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
2011;
26
: 1232–1238.
27. Birmingham B, Dyer AR, Shekelle RB, Stamler J. Subscapular and triceps skinfold
thicknesses, body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of middle-
aged employed men.
J Clin Epidemiol
1993;
46
(3): 289–302.
28. Dua S, Bhuker M, Sharma P, Dhall M, Kapoor S. Body mass index relates to blood
pressure among adults.
N Am J Med Sci
2014;
6
(2): 89.
29. Timpson NJ, Harbord R, Smith GD, Zacho J, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG.
Does greater adiposity increase blood pressure and hypertension risk? Mendelian
randomization using the FTO/MC4R genotype.
Hypertension
2009;
54
(1):
84–90.
30. Tesfaye F, Byass P, Wall S. Population based prevalence of high blood pressure
among adults in Addis Ababa: uncovering a silent epidemic.
BMC Cardiovasc
Disord
2009;
9
(1): 39.
31. Sandberg K, Ji H. Sex differences in primary hypertension.
Biol Sex Differ
2012;
3
(1): 7.
32. Rosano GM, Vitale C, Fini M. Cardiovascular aspects of menopausal hormone
replacement therapy.
Climacteric
2009;
12
(sup1): 41–46.
33. Luz RH, Barbosa AR, d’Orsi E. Waist circumference, body mass index and waist-
height ratio: Are two indices better than one for identifying hypertension risk in
older adults?
Prev Med
2016;
93
: 76–81.
34. Zaitunel M. Survey on nutritional and health status.
Prev Med
2006;
19
: 1–2.
35. Munaretti DB, Barbosa AR, Marucci MD, Lebrão ML. Self-rated hypertension and
anthropometric indicators of body fat in elderly.
Rev Assoc Med Bras
2011;
57
(1):
25–30.
36. Fares D, Barbosa AR, Borgatto AF, Coqueiro RD, Fernandes MH. Factors associated
with nutritional status of the elderly in two regions of Brazil.
Rev Assoc Med Bras
2012;
58
(4): 434–441.
37. Kruger J, Ham SA, Prohaska TR. Peer reviewed: Behavioral risk factors associated
with overweight and obesity among older adults: the 2005 National Health
Interview Survey.
Prev Chronic Dis
2009;
6
(1): A14.
38. Moges B, Amare B, Fantahun B, Kassu A. High prevalence of overweight, obesity,
and hypertension with increased risk to cardiovascular disorders among adults in
northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord
2014;
14
(1):
155.
39. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
40. Al-Hazzaa HM, Abahussain NA, Al-Sobayel HI, Qahwaji DM, Musaiger AO.
Lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity among Saudi adolescents.
BMC Public Health
2012;
12
(1): 354.
41. Hou X, Lu J, Weng J, Ji L, Shan Z, Liu J,
et al
. Impact of waist circumference and
body mass index on risk of cardiometabolic disorder and cardiovascular disease
in Chinese adults: a national diabetes and metabolic disorders survey.
PLoS One
2013;
8
(3): e57319.
42. Barreto M. Prevalence of risk factors for hypertension and waist circumference in
Brazil.
J Hypertens
2015;
20
:14–20.
43. Han S, Chen X, Cox B, Yang CL, Wu YM, Naes L, Westfall T. Role of neuropeptide
Y in cold stress-induced hypertension.
Peptides
1998;
19
(2): 351–358.