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RESEARCH ARTICLE

SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE

76

VOLUME 14 NUMBER 2 • DECEMBER 2017

sociodemographic variables, and comparisons between males and

females in both environments are summarised in Table 1. The results

show that men and women differed for all the factors studied

except for age in both environments, and for WHR in Dakar.

In Dakar, the prevalence of underweight, overweight and general

obesity in terms of BMI was 12.6% (95% CI: 10.5–14.7), 19.2%

(95% CI: 16.7–21.7) and 9.7% (95% CI: 7.9–11.5), respectively.

The prevalence of central obesity was 26.0% (95% CI: 23.3–28.7)

using WC, and 39.9% (95% CI: 36.8–43.0) using WHR (Table 2).

In Tessekere, the prevalence of underweight, overweight

and general obesity in terms of BMI was 29.6% (95% CI: 25.6–

33.6), 13.3% (95% CI: 10.3–16.3) and 2.8% (95% CI: 1.3–4.3),

respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was 11.9% (95% CI:

9.1–14.7) using WC, and 23.6% (95% CI: 19.9–27.3) using WHR

(Table 2).

Dakar residents were more often overweight and obese and less

often thin than the Tessekere inhabitants [

χ

² (3 df) = 80.9;

p

<

0.001]. Likewise, they showed higher central obesity rates than the

Tessekere inhabitants [WC:

χ

² (1 df) = 39.3,

p

< 0.001; WHR:

χ

² (1

df) = 39, p < 0.001].

In Dakar as in Tessekere, bivariate analyses showed that all the

sociodemographic factors studied were associated with general

and central obesity (Table 3). The prevalence of general and central

obesity rose gradually with age in both environments, except for

obesity based on WC in Tessekere, which reached its highest rate

among people between the ages of 40 and 49 years.

In the urban and rural areas studied, general obesity affected

women six times more often than men, and their WC exceeded the

threshold of obesity 11 times and 18 more often than men in Dakar

and Tessekere, respectively.

As shown in Fig. 1, the prevalence of overweight/obesity (using

BMI) rose with age among men and women in Dakar. The same

pattern was observed among men in Tessekere. However, among

rural women, the prevalence of overweight/obesity reached its

highest rate between the ages of 30 and 39 years.

Multivariate analyses showed that age and gender were the

primary risk factors for overweight/obesity in Dakar and Tessekere

(Table 4). Educational level also showed significant associations

with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², but only in the urban area, where people with

between one and eight years of schooling had greater chances of

being overweight or obese than people who attended university.

Gender was the primary risk factor for central obesity (WC and

WHR) in both environments (Table 4).

In Dakar, 50% of the study participants were satisfied with their

weight, 27% thought they were too thin and 23% too fat. Men

were more often satisfied with their weight than women (57 vs

43%), who in turn more often thought themselves too heavy (33 vs

Table 1.

Demographic and anthropomatic characteristics of the sample

Dakar

Tessekere

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Characteristics

(

n

= 984)

(

n

= 494)

(

n

= 490)

p

-value (

n

= 496)

(

n

= 241)

(

n

= 255)

p

-value

Age (years)

35.70 ± 13.16 35.89 ± 13.27 35.51 ± 13.07 0.652

37.33 ± 15.25 37.26 ± 15.45 37.40 ± 15.08 0.917

Height (cm)

172.56 ± 9.87 178.96 ± 8.07 166.11 ± 6.88 < 0.001 169.63 ± 10.38 175.85 ± 8.09 163.75 ± 8.77 < 0.001

Weight (kg)

69.28 ± 14.44 70.21 ± 16.67 68.34 ± 16.00 0.043

60.25 ± 12.32 62.38 ± 11.26 58.23 ± 12.96 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.33 ± 4.89

21.91 ± 3.54

24.76 ± 5.59 < 0.001 20.97 ± 4.07

20.15 ± 3.24 21.74 ± 4.60 < 0.001

General obesity,

n

(%)

95 (9.7)

14 (2.8)

81 (16.5)

< 0.001

14 (2.8)

2 (0.8)

12 (4.7)

0.009

WC (cm)

84.31 ± 13.02 81.51 ± 10.65 87.14 ± 14.51 < 0.001 77.25 ± 10.59 76.13 ± 9.31 78.32 ± 11.59 0.021

Central obesity by WC,

n

(%)

256 (26)

21 (4.3)

235 (48)

< 0.001

59 (11.9)

3 (1.2)

56 (22.?)

< 0.001

WHR

0.836 ± 0.081 0.837 ± 0.069 0.834 ± 0.092 0.579

0.839 ± 0.079 0.847 ± 0.075 0.831 ± 0.082 0.019

Central obesity by WHR, n (%)

393 (39.9)

83 (16.8)

310 (63.3)

< 0.001

117 (23.6)

17 (7.1)

100 (39.2)

< 0.001

Educational level (Dakar/Tessekere),

n

(%)

< 0.001

0.006

None/none

208 (21.1)

84 (27)

124 (25.3)

373 (75.2)

168 (69.7)

205 (80.4)

Primary/1 year or +

348 (35.5)

163 (33)

185 (37.8)

123 (24.8)

73 (30.3)

50 (19.6)

Intermediate

197 (20)

109 (22.1)

88 (18)

Secondary

91 (9.2)

51 (10.3)

40 (8.2)

University

140 (14.2)

87 (17.6)

53 (10.8)

BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference, WHR: waist–hip ratio.

Table 2.

Prevalence (%) of underweight, overweight, general obesity

and central obesity by place of residence

Criterion

Category

Dakar

Tessekere

BMI

Underweight

12.6 (10.5–14.7)

29.6 (25.6–33.6)

Overweight

19.2 (16.7–21.7)

13.3 (10.3–16.3)

General obesity

9.7 (7.9–11.5)

2.8 (1.3–4.3)

WC

Central obesity

26.0 (23.3–28.7)

11.9 (9.1–14.7)

WHR

Central obesity

39.9 (36.8–43.0)

23.6 (19.9–27.3)

BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference, WHR: waist-hip ratio.

In brackets: 95% confidence limits.

Figure 1.

Age- and gender-specific prevalence (%) of overweight/obesity in

Dakar and Tessekere.