25 / 52
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
VOLUME 15 NUMBER 2 • NOVEMBER 2018
63
26. Yach D, Hawkes C, Gould CL, Hofman KJ. The global burden of chronic diseases:
overcoming impediments to prevention and control.
J Am Med Assoc
2004;
291
:
2616–2622.
27. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H,
et al
. A
comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to
67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic
analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.
Lancet
2012;
380
: 2224–
2260.
28. Daskalopoulou SS, Rabi DM, Prebtani A,
et al
. The 2015 Canadian Hypertension
Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement,
diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension.
Can J
Cardiol
2015;
31
: 549–568.
29. Mensah GA. Epidemiology of stroke and high blood pressure in Africa.
Heart
2008;
94
: 697–705.
30. Opie LH, Seedat YK. Hypertension in sub-Saharan African populations.
Circulation
2005;
112
: 3562–3568.
31. Addo J, Smeeth L, Leon DA. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic
review
Hypertension
2007;
50
: 1012–1018.
32. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA,
et al
.
Recommendations for chamber quantification: A report from the American
Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the
Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the
European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of
Cardiology.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2005;
18
: 1440–1463.
33. Drawz PE, Abdalla M, Rahman M. Blood pressure measurement: clinic, home,
ambulatory, and beyond.
Am J Kidney Dis
2012;
60
(3): 449–462.
34. Schwartz JI, Guwatudde D, Nugent R, Kiiza KM. Looking at noncommunicable
diseases in Uganda through a local lens: an analysis using locally derived data.
Glob Health
2014;
10
: 77.
35. Mayega RW, Makumbi F, Rutebemberwa E, Peterson S, Ostenson CG, Tomson
G,
et al
. Modifiable socio-behavioural factors associated with overweight and
hypertension among persons aged 35 to 60 years in eastern Uganda.
PLoS One
2012;
7
: e47632.
36. Mayega RW, Guwatudde D, Makumbi FE, Nakwagala FN, Peterson S, Tomson G,
et al
. Comparison of fasting plasma glucose and haemoglobin A
1c
point-of-care
tests in screening for diabetes and abnormal glucose regulation in a rural low
income setting.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract
2014;
104
: 112–120.
37. Wamala J, Karyabakabo Z, Ndungutse D, Guwatudde D. Prevalence factors
associated with hypertension in Rukungiri District, Uganda – A community-based
study.
Afr Health Sci
2009;
9
: 153–160.
38. Damasceno A, Azevedo A, Siva matos C, Prista A, Diogo D,
et al
. Hypertension
prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Mozambique (urban/rural gap
during epidemiological transition).
Hypertension
2009;
54
: 77–83.
39. Agyemang C, Bruijnzeels MA, Owusu-Dabo E. Factors associated with
hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in Ghana, West Africa.
J Hum
Hypertens
2005;
20
: 67–71.
40. Pereira M, Lunet N, Azevedo A, Barros H. Differences in prevalence, awareness,
treatment and control of hypertension between developing and developed
countries.
J Hypertens
2009;
27
: 963–975.
41. Tumwesigye E, Wana G, Kasasa S, Muganzi E, Nuwaha F. High uptake of home-
based, district-wide, HIV counseling and testing in Uganda.
AIDS Patient Care
STDS
2010;
24
: 735–741.
42. Menzies N, Abang B, Wanyeze R, Nuwaha F, Mugisha B,
et al
. The costs and
effectiveness of four HIV counselling and testing strategies in Uganda.
AIDS
Patient Care STDS
2009;
23
: 395–401.
43. Kibirige D, Atuhe D, Sebunya R, Mwebaze R. Suboptimal glycaemic and blood
pressure control and screening for diabetic complications in adult ambulatory
diabetic patients in Uganda: a retrospective study from a developing country.
J
Diabetes Metab Dis
2014;
13
: 40.
44. Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, Naska A, Lenas D, Trichopoulos D,
et al
. Prevalence,
awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in a general population sample
of 26 913 adults in the Greek EPIC study.
Int J Epidemiol
2004;
33
: 1345–1352.
45. Dzudie A, Kengne AP, Muna WF, Ba H, Menanga A,
et al
. Prevalence, awareness,
treatment and control of hypertension in a self-selected sub-Saharan Africa urban
population: a cross-sectional study.
Br Med J Open
2012;
2
: 2012–001217.
46. Reisin E, Harris RC, Rahman M. Commentary on the 2014 BP guidelines from
the panel appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8).
J Am Soc
Nephrol
2014: ASN. 2014040371.
47. Walker R, Whiting D, Unwin N, Mugusi F, Swai M,
et al
. Stroke incidence in rural
and urban Tanzania: a prospective, community-based study.
Lancet Neurol
2010;
9
: 786–792.
48. Walker RW, McLarty DG, Kitange HM, Whiting D, Masuki G,
et al
. Stroke mortality
in urban and rural Tanzania.
Lancet
2000;
355
: 1684–1687.
49. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL.
Global Burden of
Disease and Risk Factors
. New York: The World Bank and Oxford University Press,
2006.
50. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R. King. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates
for 2000 and projections for 2030.
Diabetes Care
2004;
20
: 1047–1053.
51. Okpere AN, Anochie IC, Eke FU. Prevalence of microalbuminuria among secondary
school children.
Afr Health Sci
2012;
12
(2): 140–147.
Artificial sweeteners found to be toxic to gut microbes
F
DA-approved artificial sweeteners and
sport supplements were found to be
toxic to digestive gut microbes, according
to a study by researchers at Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev (BGU) in Israel
and Nanyang Technological University in
Singapore.
The collaborative study indicated
relative toxicity of six artificial sweeteners
(aspartame,
sucralose,
saccharine,
neotame, advantame, and acesulfame
potassium-k) and 10 sport supplements
containing these artificial sweeteners.
The bacteria found in the digestive
system became toxic when exposed to
concentrations of only one mg/ml of the
artificial sweeteners.
‘We modified bioluminescent
E coli
bacteria, which luminesce when they
detect toxicants and act as a sensing
model representative of the complex
microbial system,’ says Professor
Ariel Kushmaro, John A Ungar chair
in biotechnology in the Avram and
Stella Goldstein-Goren department of
biotechnology engineering, and member
of the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale
Science and Technology and the National
Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev.
‘This is further evidence that consumption
of artificial sweeteners adversely affects
gut microbial activity which can cause a
wide range of health issues.’
Artificial sweeteners are used in
countless food products and soft drinks
with reduced sugar content. Many
people consume this added ingredient
without their knowledge. Moreover,
artificial sweeteners have been identified
as emerging environmental pollutants,
and can be found in drinking and surface
water, and groundwater aquifers.
‘The results of this study might help
in understanding the relative toxicity of
artificial sweeteners and the potential
of negative effects on the gut microbial
community as well as the environment.
Furthermore, the tested bio-luminescent
bacterial panel can potentially be used
for detecting artificial sweeteners in the
environment,’ says Kushmaro.
Source: Medical Brief 2018