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VOLUME 13 NUMBER 1 • JULY 2016
27
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Prevalence and determinants of hypertension and associated
cardiovascular risk factors: data from a population-based,
cross-sectional survey in Saint Louis, Senegal
SOULEMANE PESSINABA, ALASSANE MBAYE, GRÂCE-À-DIEU YABETA, ADAMA KANE, CHEIKH
TIDIANE NDAO, MOUHAMADOU BAMBA NDIAYE, HABIBOU HAROUNA, MALICK BODIAN, MABOURY
DIAO, MAÏMOUNA NDOUR MBAYE, DIOR DIAGNE, BOUNA DIACK, MOUSSA KANE, KHADIM NIANG,
JEAN-BAPTISTE SY MATHIEU, ABDOUL KANE
Correspondence to: Soulemane Pessinaba
Alassane Mbaye, Grâce-À-Dieu Yabeta, Adama Kane, Cheikh Tidiane
Ndao, Habibou Harouna, Dior Diagne, Bouna Diack, Moussa Kane,
Abdoul Kane
Cardiology Department, Grand Yoff Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
e-mail:
spessinaba@yahoo.frMouhamadou Bamba Ndiaye, Malick Bodian, Maboury Diao
Cardiology Department, Aristide Le Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Maïmouna Ndour Mbaye
Internal Medicine Department, Abass NDAO Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Khadim Niang
Department of Public Health, Chiekh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Jean-Baptiste Sy Mathieu
Cardiology Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
Previously published in
Cardiovasc J Afr
2013;
24
(5
)
: 180–183
S Afr J Diabetes Vasc Dis
2016;
13
: 27–30
Abstract
Background:
Theincidenceofcardiovasculardiseaseisgrowing
worldwide and this is of major public health concern. In sub-
Saharan Africa, there is a lack of epidemiological data on the
prevalence and distribution of risk factors of cardiovascular
disease. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of
hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors among an
urban Senegalese population.
Methods:
Using an adaptation of theWHOSTEPwise approach
to chronic disease risk-factor surveillance, we conducted
a population-based, cross-sectional survey from 3 to 30
May 2010 on 1 424 participants aged over 15 years. Socio-
demographic and behavioural risk factors were collected in
step 1. Physical anthropometric measurements and blood
pressure were documented in step 2. Blood tests (cholesterol,
fasting blood glucose, and creatinine levels) were carried out
in step 3.
Results:
The prevalence of hypertension was 46% (95% CI:
43.4–48%), with a higher prevalence in females (47.9%) than
males (41.7%) (
p
= 0.015), and 50% of these hypertensive
were previously undiagnosed. Mean age was 53.6 years (SD:
15.8). In known cases of hypertension, the average length
of its evolution was 6 years 9 months (range 1 month to 60
years). Hypertension was significantly associated with age (
p
= 0.001), socio-professional category (
p
= 0.003), dyslipidaemia
(
p
< 0.001), obesity (
p
< 0.001), physical inactivity (
p
< 0.001),
diabetes (
p
< 0.001) and stroke (
p
< 0.001).
Conclusion:
We found a high prevalence of hypertension and
other cardiovascular risk factors in this population. There
is need of a specific programme for the management and
prevention of cardiovascular disease in this population.
Keywords:
hypertension, cardiovascular, Africa, risk factors,
Senegal
Introduction
Hypertension (HTN) remains a major public health concern worldwide
and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
1-3
The overall prevalence of
HTN worldwide is estimated to be 30% and the attributable mortality
is ~30%. Lawes
et al
. reported that overall, about 80% of the
attributable burden occurred in low- and middle-income economies,
and over half occurred in people aged 45–69 years.
4
In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HTN is estimated
to vary between 15 and 33%.
1
HTN is usually associated with
other cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia
and obesity.
5
In Senegal, there is a lack of population-based
epidemiological data on HTN and cardiovascular risk factors.
Our study aimed at assessing the prevalence and deteminants of
HTN and associated cardiovascular risk factors among an urban
population in Senegal (Saint Louis).
Methods
This study was a population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted
in the city of Saint Louis (north Senegal, 250 km from the capital
Dakar). It population is 190 000 inhabitants (2008 estimate) and
the number of subjects over 15 years is estimated at 110 000.
Data were collected in three steps;
6
step 1 comprised using a
questionnaire to collect demographic and lifestyle data; step 2
involved measurements of height, weight, blood pressure, waist and
hip circumference; and step 3 included laboratory (biochemistry)
investigations. Data presented in this publication are related only
to hypertension.
A list of the districts in the city was used for sampling. Each
district was divided into squares and each square was subdivided
into concessions (a group of households). A list of all concessions
was obtained from the regional statistics office. This list was used as
a sampling frame for the random selection of squares.
In each square, concessions to be visited were randomly selected
and inside the concession, a household was also randomly selected.
In each household, all the persons matching the selection criteria