The SA Journal Diabetes & Vascular Disease Volume 16 No 2 (November 2019)

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SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE RESEARCH ARTICLE
VOLUME 16 NUMBER 2 • NOVEMBER 2019 65
of adiposity (p < 0.0001). The dietary intake data revealed that
men had higher total energy, total carbohydrate and total protein
intakes, whereas the women, on the other hand, had higher total
dietary fibre intake.
Table 2 shows that total intakes of fat, SFAs and MUFAs were
significantly higher in overweight/obese women compared to lean
women. Plasma phospholipid FAs within SFA, MUFA and PUFA classes
differed across BMI categories and gender. In men, the plasma levels
of SFAs, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C24:0 and n-6 PUFA C20:3n-6 were
significantly higher in overweight men than in lean men, whereas
C16:0, C18:3n-6 and MUFAs, C16:1n-7, cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1n-
7), oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) were higher in
Table 2. Dietary intake of fats, individual fatty acids and plasma phospholipid fatty acid profile by BMI categories and gender in 711 black South
African adults
Men (n = 273) Women ( n = 438)
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2
BMIa < 25 kg/m2 (n = 40) Effect (n = 191) (n = 247) Effect
Variables (n = 233) Median (Q1, Q3) p-value size Median (Q1, Q3) Median (Q1, Q3) p-value size
Total energy, dietary fat intake
Total energy (kcal/day) 1856 (1374, 2599) 2052 (1370, 2681) 0.48 1579 (1139, 2188) 1651 (123, 2224.) 0.50
Total fat (g/day) 44.8 (28.5, 63.0) 46.8 (31.5, 66.9) 0.71 35.5 (22.8, 59.2) 44.9 (27.9, 68.0) 0.002
Total saturated fatty
acids (g/day) 10.4 (6.5, 15.4) 12.4 (8.1, 16.3) 0.71 8.4 (4.7, 15.5) 10.8 (6.2, 17.1) 0.003
Total polyunsaturated
fatty acids (g/day) 13.8 (8.8, 19.6) 12.8 (8.7, 18.7) 0.32 11.8 (7.0, 19.5) 13.5 (8.2, 20.9) 0.29
Total n-3 PUFAs (g/day) 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) 0.34 (0.2, 0.6) 0.58 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) 0.09
Total n-6 PUFAs (g/day) 13.5 (8.7, 19.1) 12.4 (9.2, 19.8) 0.39 12.1 (6.9, 18.9) 13.4 (8.1, 20.2) 0.27
n-6/n-3 ratio 33.1 (24.4, 152.4) 34.2 (22.5, 53.1) 0.84 37.3 (27.57,49.73) 36.8 (26.1, 51.9) 0.76
Total mono-unsaturated
fatty acids (g/day) 11.2 (6.8, 16.4) 13.4 (7.2, 19.7) 0.48 8.5 (5.0, 16.4) 12.0 (6.4, 19.4) < 0.0001
Plasma phospholipid fatty acids (% total FAs)c
Saturated fatty acids
Myristic acid (C14:0) 0.25 (0.2, 0.3) 0.25 (0.2, 0.3) 0.75 0.26 (0.2, 0.3) 0.27 (0.2, 0.3) 0.21
Palmitic acid (C16:0) 27.6 (25.2, 29.5) 26.3 (24.6, 28.0) 0.002 0.37 26.7 (24.8, 29.2) 25.7 (24.0, 27.6) 0.21
Stearic acid (C18:0) 14.0 (12.4, 15.5) 15.1 (14.4, 16.2) < 0.0001 0.31 14.8 (13.5, 16.3) 15.5 (14.3, 17.0) 0.0004 0.38
Arachidic acid (C20:0) 0.27 (0.21, 0.34) 0.34 (0.27, 0.39) 0.02 0.33 0.30 (0.25, 0.37) 0.36 (0.30, 0.43) < 0.0001 0.35
Behenic acid (C22:0) 0.94 (0.66, 1.17) 1.22 (0.97, 1.43) 0.0006 0.32 1.03 (0.78, 1.35) 1.27 (1.07, 1.54) < 0.0001 0.35
Lignoceric acid (C24:0) 1.01 (0.81, 1.23) 1.13 (0.91, 1.36) 0.02 0.40 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) 1.07 (0.9, 1.27) 0.03 0.45
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7) 0.88 (0.5, 1.6) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 0.0007 0.34 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 0.003 0.40
Cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7) 1.46 (1.26, 1.69) 1.19 (1.01, 1.44) 0.002 0.30 1.41 (1.20, 1.65) 1.30 (1.12, 1.5) 0.03 0.41
Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) 10.0 (7.6, 13.0) 7.5 (6.2, 9.3) 0.0002 0.30 8.2 (7.0, 11.3) 7.16 (6.3, 8.3) < 0.0001 0.35
Elaidic acid (C18:1n9t) 0.31 (0.20, 0.56) 0.27 (0.20, 0.5) 0.32 0.34 (0.21, 0.81) 0.32 (0.21, 0.61) 0.50
Gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) 0.11 (0.09, 0.12) 0.10 (0.08, 0.11) 0.04 0.36 0.11 (0.09, 0.12) 0.10 (0.09, 0.12) 0.02 0.42
Erucic acid (C22:1n-9) 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) 0.07 (0.04, 0.09) 0.29 0.06 (0.05, 0.09) 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) 0.50
Nervonic acid (C24:1n-9) 1.66 (1.44, 1.95) 1.61 (1.35, 1.95) 0.75 1.69 (1.42, 2.02) 1.88 (1.55, 2.21) 0.005 0.41
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
α-linolenic acid (c18:3n-3) 0.09 (0.07, 0.12) 0.08 (0.05, 0.10) 0.18 0.08 (0.06, 0.1) 0.1 (0.05, 0.1) 0.77
Eicosapentaenoic acid
(C20:5n-3) 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) 0.32 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 0.92
Docosapentaenoic
acid (C22:5n-3) 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 0.51 0.6 (0.5, 1.0) 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) 0.92
Docosahexaenoic
acid (C22:6n-3) 3.8 (3.0, 4.8) 4.29 (3.2, 5.6) 0.09 4.4 (3.5, 5.5) 5.0 (4.05, 5.8) 0.0008 0.39
n-6 and n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) 16.1 (13.6, 18.5) 16.4 (14.1, 18.6) 0.71 15.9 (12.8, 18.4) 16.0 (13.8, 18.7) 0.50
γ-linolenic acid (C18:3n-6) 0.13 (0.1, 0.2) 0.10 (0.07, 0.14) 0.04 0.39 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) 0.07
Eicosadienoic acid
(C20:2n-6) 0.34 (0.29, 0.39) 0.35 (0.29, 0.4) 0.71 0.36 (0.31, 0.42) 0.38 (0.33, 0.44) 0.07
Dihomo-γ-linolenic
acid (C20:3n-6) 2.7 (2.4, 3.3) 3.1 (2.7, 3.9) 0.006 0.32 2.8 (2.4, 3.2) 3.1 (2.72, 3.61) < 0.0001 0.35
Arachidonic (C20:4n-6) 12.9 (11.5, 14. 3) 14.1 (12.6, 15.7) 0.08 13.5 (12.0, 15.0) 14.2 (12.7, 15.6) 0.007 0.44
Docosadienoic acid
(C22:2-n6) 0.018 (0.013, 0.023) 0.018 (0.014, 0.022) 0.75 0.02 (0.014, 0.027) 0.025 (0.018, 0.032) < 0.0001 0.37
Adrenic acid (C22:4n-6) 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) 0.51 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) 0.29
Osbond acid (C22:5n-6) 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) 0.71 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) 0.15
Mead acid (C20:3n-9) 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) 0.09 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) 0.17 (0.1, 0.3) 0.0003 0.41
aBMI, body mass index; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
bMedian (Q1, Q 3) = differences between FAs across BMI and gender were tested by independent t-test according to BMI < 25 and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Data are
presented as median; Q1: lower interquartile range, Q3; upper interquartile range.
cPlasma phospholipid fatty acids (% total FAs) = fatty acids are expressed as a percentage (%) of total FA. Significance levels of differences in parameters between
men and women based on Mann–Whitney tests.