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SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
RESEARCH ARTICLE
VOLUME 16 NUMBER 2 • NOVEMBER 2019
67
The factor analysis identified two dietary FA and six plasma
phospholipid FA patterns according to the Kaiser criterion and
scree-plot visual inspection. Results are shown in Table 3. Eleven
dietary FAs and 26 phospholipid FAs were entered into the analysis.
The factors generated explained 89% of the cumulative variance in
dietary FA patterns and 73% in plasma phospholipid FA patterns.
The Kaiser’s measure of sampling adequacy was 0.84 and 0.78 for
the dietary FA and plasma phospholipid FA patterns, respectively.
Loadings with absolute values higher than 0.5 were considered
relevant for the contribution to each FA pattern. The patterns are
characterised and named according to the highest loadings of the
specific FAs present in a given pattern.
Table 4.
Associations of dietary fatty acid patterns with adiposity and the MetS in 711 black South African adults in regression models
Linear regression models
Logistic regression models
Body mass index
Waist circumference
Waist:height ratio
Metabolic syndrome
Models
β
a
(95% CI)
a
p
-value
β
(95% CI)
p
-value
β
(95% CI)
p
-value
OR (95% CI)
b
p
-value
Crude modelc
Non-marine
0.05 (–0.02, 0.13)
0.15
0.07 (–0.004, 0.14)
0.07
0.06 (–0.02, 0.13)
0.14
1.13 (0.96, 1.32)
0.14
Marine
–0.015 (–0.09, 0.06) 0.69
0.007 (–0.07, 0.08)
0.85
0.004 (–0.07, 0.08)
0.92
0.99 (0.84, 1.16)
0.88
R
2
(%)
0.03
0.02
0.03
0. 43
Adjusted model
1
d
Non-marine
0.04 (–0.02, 0.11)
0.20
0.06 (–0.01, 0.13)
0.09
0.04 (–0.02, 0.11)
0.19
1.12 (0.95, 1.33)
0.19
Marine
–0.02 (–0.09, 0.05)
0.55
0.004 (–0.07, 0.08)
0.91
–0.0015 (–0.07, 0.07)
0.97
0.98 (0.82, 1.16)
0.78
R
2
(%)
20.48
6.35
17.25
17.69
Fully adjusted model
e
Non-marine
0.04 (–0.02, 0.11)
0.21
0.06 (–0.01, 0.13)
0.09
0.04 (–0.03, 0.11)
0.25
1.15 (0.96, 1.38)
0.12
Marine
–0.02 (–0.10, 0.04)
0.47
0.002 (–0.07, 0.07)
0.96
–0.005 (–0.07, 0.06)
0.88
0.94 (0.78, 1.14)
0.53
R
2
(%)
26.68
13.34
22.72
20.39
a
Standardised betas and standardised 95% confidence intervals (CI).
b
OR, odds ratio and 95% CI.
c
Crude model; consisted of plasma phospholipid fatty acid
patterns only.
d
Adjusted model
1
; crude model and additionally adjusted for age and gender.
e
Fully adjusted model; adjusted model
1
, additionally adjusted for
lifestyle confounders (physical activity, self-reported smoking, total dietary energy and alcohol intake (Kcal) and level of education).
Table 5.
Associations of plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns with adiposity and the MetS in 711 black South African adults in regression models
Linear regression models
Logistic regression models
Body mass index
Waist circumference
Waist:height ratio
Metabolic syndrome
Models
β
a
(95% CI)
a
p
-value
β
(95% CI)
p
-value
β
(95% CI)
p
-value Exponent of
β
(95% CI)
p
-value
Crude model
b
High-Satfat
0.37 (0.31, 0.44) < 0.0001 0.28 (0.21, 0.35)
< 0.0001
0.31 (0.24, 0.38) < 0.0001
1.62 (1.34, 1.96)
< 0.0001
n
-3 VLC-PUFA
0.21 (0.15, 0.28) < 0.0001 0.22 (0.15, 0.28)
< 0.0001 0.22 (0.15, 0.28.) < 0.0001
1.76 (1.44, 2.15)
< 0.0001
High-LA
0.04 (–0.02, 0.11)
0.20.
–0.05 (–0.12, 0.02)
0.16
–0.04 (–0.10, 0.03)
0.29
1.09 (0.92, 1.30)
0.33
n
-6 VLC-PUFA
0.05 (–0.0, 0.12)
0.13
0.06 (–0.005, 0.13)
0.07
0.07 (0.001, 0.14)
0.045
1.28 (1.08, 1.53)
0.006
n
-9 LC-MUFA
–0.05 (–0.11, 0.02)
0.17
–0.10 (–0.16, –0.03)
0.007 –0.09 (–0.16, –0.02)
0.009
0.63 (0.52, 0.75)
< 0.0001
n
-3 EFA
–0.12 (–0.18, –0.05) 0.0007 –0.06 (–0.13, 0.006)
0.07
–0.09 (–0.16, –0.02)
0.009
0.81 (0.68, 0.96)
0.02
R
2
(%)
19.72
13.87
15.62
18.30
Adjusted model
1
d
High-Satfat
0.29 (0.22, 0.35) < 0.0001 0.25 (0.18, 0.32)
< 0.0001
0.23 (0.16, 0.30) < 0.0001
1.44 (1.17, 1.76)
0.0004
n
-3 VLC-PUFA
0.18 (0.12, 0.24) < 0.0001 0.20 (0.13, 0.27)
< 0.0001
0.18 (0.12, 0.24) < 0.0001
1.70 (1.37, 2.10)
< 0.0001
High-LA
0.03 (–0.04, 0.09)
0.43
–0.04 (–0.11, 0.03)
0.26
–0.04 (–0.11, 0.02)
0.21
1.10 (0.89, 1.30)
0.43
n
-6 VLC-PUFA
0.029 (–0.03, 0.09)
0.36
0.05 (–0.016, 0.12)
0.13
0.05 (–0.02, 0.11)
0.16
1.26 (1.04, 1.51)
0.02
n
-9 LC-MUFA
–0.04 (–0.10, 0.02)
0.20
–0.10 (–0.16, –0.03)
0.005 –0.09 (–0.15, –0.02)
0.007
0.61 (0.5, 0.73)
< 0.0001
n
-3 EFA
–0.06 (–0.13, 0.001) 0.05. –0.060 (–0.13, 0.010) 0.09
–0.05 (–0.12, 0.011)
0.10
0.84 (0.69, 1.01)
0.07
R
2
(%)
30.78
16.73
25.76
29.74
Fully adjusted model
e
High-Satfat
0.27 (0.20, 0.34) < 0.0001 0.22 (0.15, 0.30)
< 0.0001
0.20 (0.13, 0.27) < 0.0001
1.54 (1.21, 1.95)
0.0004
n
-3 VLC-PUFA
0.14 (0.08, 0.20) < 0.0001 0.16 (0.087, 0.23) < 0.0001
0.15 (0.08, 0.21) < 0.0001
1.72 (1.38, 2.16)
< 0.0001
High-LA
–0.004 (–0.070, 0.06) 0.90 –0.06 (–0.13, 0.01)
0.11
–0.06 (–0.13, 0.01)
0.07
1.14 (0.93, 1.4)
0.22
n
-6 VLC-PUFA
0.029 (–0.04, 0.09)
0.37
0.05 (–0.02, 0.12)
0.14
0.05 (–0.02, 0.11)
0.15
1.25 (1.02, 1.54)
0.03
n
-9 LC-MUFA
0.002 (–0.06, 0.07)
0.957
–0.06 (–0.13, 0.02)
0.13
–0.05 (–0.11, 0.02)
0.17
0.61 (0.50, 0.75)
< 0.0001
n
-3 EFA
–0.06 (–0.13, 0.005) 0.07
–0.06 (–0.13, 0.014)
0.12
–0.05 (–0.12, 0.02)
0.17
0.81 (0.66, 0.99)
0.04
R
2
(%)
33.69
20.38
28.38
31.09
a
Standardised betas and standardised 95% confidence intervals (CI).
b
Crude model; consisted of plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns only.
c
Adjusted model
1
;
crude model and additionally adjusted for age and gender.
d
Adjusted model
2
; adjusted model
1
, additionally adjusted for lifestyle confounders (physical activity,
self-reported smoking, total dietary energy and alcohol intake (KJ) and level of education).
e
Fully adjusted model; adjusted model
1
, additionally adjusted for
contraceptive use.High-Satfat, saturated fatty acid pattern;
n
-3 VLC-PUFA,
n
-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern; high-LA, high linoleic acid
pattern;
n
-6 VLC-PUFA,
n
-6 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern;
n
-9 LC-MUFA, long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acid pattern;
n
-3 EFA,
n
-3
essential fatty acid pattern.