The SA Journal Diabetes & Vascular Disease Volume 16 No 2 (November 2019)

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RESEARCH ARTICLE SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
66 VOLUME 16 NUMBER 2 • NOVEMBER 2019
lean than in overweight men. Although significant differences were
observed for these FAs between overweight and lean groups in men,
most had a small effect size of approximately 0.30 to 0.40.
Plasma levels of similar SFAs, i.e. C18:0, C20:0, C22:0 and C24:0,
as well as nervonic acid (C24:1n-9), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-
3), C20:3n-6, arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and docosadienoic acid
(C22:2-n6) were higher in overweight women than in their lean
counterparts. Similar MUFAs, i.e. C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7, C18:1 n-9
and C20:1n-9, but also mead acid, were higher in lean than in
overweight women. In women, small effect sizes (~ 0.35–0.44)
were found for most FAs, except for C24:0, which had a medium
effect size of 0.45.
Table 3. Factor loadings for dietary and plasma phospholipid fatty acids
Dietary fatty acid patternsa
Non-marine Marine
Dietary fatty acids (λ1 = 60%)b (λ2 = 29%)
Saturated fatty acids
Myristic acid (C14:0) 0.78 0.10
Palmitic acid (C16:0) 0.97 0.22
Stearic acid (C18:0) 0.94 0.21
Behenic acid (C22:0) 0.67 0.29
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7) 0.89 0.28
Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) 0.95 0.23
n-3 fatty acids
α-Linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) 0.89 0.22
Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) 0.21 0.96
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) 0.23 0.96
n-6 fatty acids
Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) 0.80 0.31
Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) 0.70 0.48
The Kaiser’s measure of sampling adequacy = 0.0.84
Plasma phospholipid fatty acid patternsc
High-Satfat n-3 VLC-PUFA High-LA n-6 VLC-PUFA n-9 LC-MUFA n -3 EFA
Plasma phospholipid fatty acids (λ1 = 24%) (λ2 = 11%) (λ3 = 11%) (λ4 = 10%) (λ5 = 10%) (λ6 = 7%)
Saturated fatty acids
Myristic acid (C14:0) –0.13 –0.28 –0.06 –0.06 –0.56 0.01
Palmitic acid (C16:0) –0.10 –0.54 –0.47 –0.40 –0.34 –0.05
Stearic acid (C18:0) 0.80 –0.21 –0.04 0.08 –0.04 –0.16
Arachidic acid (C20:0) 0.86 –0.08 0.01 –0.04 0.36 –0.08
Behenic acid (C22:0) 0.92 –0.03 0.06 –0.07 0.24 –0.07
Lignoceric acid (C24:0) 0.81 –0.19 –0.01 –0.06 0.34 0.10
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7) –0.84 –0.13 –0.25 0.08 –0.12 0.23
Cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7) –0.73 0.10 0.16 0.08 0.40 –0.20
Oleic acid (C18:1n-9) –0.82 –0.15 –0.26 0.11 –0.01 0.35
Elaidic acid (C18:1n9t) 0.44 –0.58 –0.25 –0.04 0.09 –0.02
Gondoic acid (C20:1n -9) –0.17 –0.07 0.52 –0.05 0.54 –0.13
Erucic acid (C22:1n-9) 0.35 –0.01 0.05 0.22 0.42 –0.05
Nervonic acid (C24:1n-9) 0.16 0.09 0.07 –0.01 0.85 –0.04
n-3 fatty acids
α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) –0.23 0.02 0.28 –0.15 –0.09 0.71
Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) –0.37 0.57 –0.25 –0.32 –0.01 0.42
Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3) –0.08 0.71 –0.01 0.12 0.15 0.27
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) 0.05 0.79 0.25 –0.08 0.08 –0.24
n-6 and n-9 fatty acids
Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) 0.08 0.31 0.80 –0.10 0.05 0.16
γ-linolenic acid (C18:3n-6) –0.41 –0.08 –0.17 0.27 –0.37 0.49
Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2n-6) 0.09 0.06 0.82 0.30 0.15 0.13
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C20:3n-6) 0.00 0.29 0.14 0.65 –0.06 0.30
Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) 0.04 0.66 0.12 0.42 0.24 –0.31
Docosadienoic acid (C22:2-n6) 0.44 0.08 0.47 –0.06 0.45 –0.24
Adrenic acid (C22:4n-6) –0.13 0.02 0.03 0.83 0.08 0.01
Osbond acid (C22:5n-6) –0.12 –0.04 –0.09 0.82 0.01 –0.32
Mead acid (C20:3n-9) –0.58 –0.15 –0.53 0.32 0.05 0.28
The Kaiser’s measure of sampling adequacy = 0.78
aFatty acid patterns derived from dietary fatty acids. bVariance explained by the single factor. cFatty acid patterns derived from plasma phospholipids.
High-Satfat, saturated fatty acid pattern; n-3 VLC-PUFA, n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern; high-LA, high linoleic acid pattern; n-6 VLC-PUFA,
n-6 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern; n-9 LC-MUFA, n-9 long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acid pattern; n-3 EFA, n-3 essential fatty acid pattern.