REVIEW
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
42
VOLUME 11 NUMBER 1 • MARCH 2014
patients with
Staphylococcus aureus
or
Streptococcus
species bacteraemia.
Eur J
Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
2007;
26
: 105–13.
27. Marwick CA, Ziglam HM, Nathwani D. Your patient has a blood culture positive
for
Staphylococcus aureus
: what do you do?
J R Coll Physicians Edinb
2006;
36
:
350–5.
28. Ringberg H, Thoren A, Lilja B. Metastatic complications of
Staphylococcus aureus
septicemia: to seek is to find.
Infection
2000;
28
: 132–6.
29. Fowler VG Jr, Olsen MK, Corey GR,
et al
. Clinical identifiers of complicated
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia.
Arch Intern Med
2003;
163
: 2066–72.
30. Rasmussen RV, Fowler VG, Jr., Skov R, Bruun NE. Future challenges and treatment
of
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia with emphasis on MRSA.
Future Microbiol
2011;
6
: 43–56.
31. Chamis AL, Peterson GE, Cabell CH,
et al
.
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia in
patients with permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.
Circulation
2001;
104
: 1029–33.
32. El-Ahdab F, Benjamin DK Jr, Wang A,
et al
. Risk of endocarditis among patients with
prosthetic valves and
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia.
Am J Med
2005;
118
:
225–9.
33. Hill EE, Peetermans WE, Vanderschueren S,
et al
. Methicillin-resistant versus
methicillin-sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
infective endocarditis.
Eur J Clin
Microbiol Infect Dis
2008;
27
: 445–50.
34. Gouliouris T, Aliyu SH, Brown NM. Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and
management.
J Antimicrob Chemother
2010;
65
(suppl 3): iii11–24.
35. Ratcliffe JF. An evaluation of the intra-osseous arterial anastomoses in the human
vertebral body at different ages. A microarteriographic study.
J Anat
1982;
134
:
373–82.
36. Ratcliffe JF. Anatomic basis for the pathogenesis and radiologic features of vertebral
osteomyelitis and its differentiation from childhood discitis. A microarteriographic
investigation.
Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh)
1985;
26
: 137-43.
37. Mylona E, Samarkos M, Kakalou E,
et al.
Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a
systematic review of clinical characteristics.
Semin Arthritis Rheum
2009;
39
: 10-7.
38. Pigrau C, Almirante B, Flores X,
et al
. Spontaneous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis
and endocarditis: incidence, risk factors, and outcome.
Am J Med
2005;
118
:1287.
39. Eismont FJ, Bohlman HH, Soni PL,
et al
. Pyogenic and fungal vertebral osteomyelitis
with paralysis.
J Bone Joint Surg Am
1983;
65
: 19–29.
40. Gould FK, Denning DW, Elliott TSJ,
et al
. Guidelines for the diagnosis and antibiotic
treatment of endocarditis in adults: a report of the Working Party of the British
Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
J Antimicrob Chemother
2012;
67
:
269–89.
41. Grados F, Lescure FX, Senneville E,
et al
. Suggestions for managing pyogenic (non-
tuberculous) discitis in adults.
Joint Bone Spine
2007;
74
: 133–9.
42. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis.
Lancet
2004;
364
: 369–79.
43. McHenry MC, Easley KA, Locker GA. Vertebral osteomyelitis: long-term outcome for
253 patients from 7 Cleveland-area hospitals.
Clin Infect Dis
2002;
34
: 1342–50.
44. Lucio E, Adesokan A, Hadjipavlou AG,
et al.
Pyogenic spondylodiskitis: a radiologic/
pathologic and culture correlation study.
Arch Pathol Lab Med
2000;
124
: 712–6.
45. Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR,
et al
. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic
joint infection: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of
America.
Clin Infect Dis
2013;
56
: e1–25.
46. Lecouvet F, Irenge L, Vandercam B,
et al.
The etiologic diagnosis of infectious
discitis is improved by amplification-based DNA analysis.
Arthritis Rheum
2004;
50
:
2985–94.
47. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P,
et al
. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009).
Eur Heart J
2009;
30
:
2369–413.
48. Casella F, Rana B, Casazza G,
et al.
The potential impact of contemporary
transthoracic echocardiography on the management of patients with native
valve endocarditis: a comparison with transesophageal echocardiography.
Echocardiography
2009;
26
: 900–06.
49. Cottle L, Riordan T. Infectious spondylodiscitis.
J Infect
2008;
56
: 401–12.
50. Forrester DM. Infectious spondylitis.
Semin Ultrasound CT MR
2004;
25
: 461–73.
51. Moran E, Byren I, Atkins L. The diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint
infections.
J Antimicrob Chemother
2010;
65
(suppl 3):iii45–54.
52. Stumpe KD, Zanetti M, Weishaupt D,
et al
. FDG positron emission tomography for
differentiation of degenerative and infectious endplate abnormalities in the lumbar
spine detected on MR imaging.
AJR Am J Roentgenol
2002;
179
: 1151–7.
53. Ledermann HP, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB,
et al
. MR imaging findings in spinal
infections: rules or myths?
Radiology
2003;
228
: 506–14.
54. Gould FK, Brindle R, Chadwick PR,
et al
. Guidelines (2008) for the prophylaxis and
treatment of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) infections in the
United Kingdom.
J Antimicrob Chemother
2009;
63
: 849–61.
55. Chang S, Sievert D, Hageman JC,
et al
. Infection with vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
containing the vanA resistance gene.
N Engl J Med
2003;
348
: 1342–7.
56. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T,
et al
. Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility.
J Antimicrob Chemother
1997;
40
: 135-46.
57. Lowy FD. Vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus
aureus
infections.
UpToDate
2013.
-
intermediate-and-vancomycin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-infections
58. Khatib R, Saeed S, Sharma M, Riederer K, Fakih MG, Johnson LB. Impact of
initial antibiotic choice and delayed appropriate treatment on the outcome of
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
2006;
25
: 181–5.
59. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E,
et al
. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis
and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the
Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis
2009;
49
: 1–45.
60. Stryjewski ME, Szczech LA, Benjamin DK Jr,
et al.
Use of vancomycin or first-
generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysis-dependent patients
with methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia.
Clin Infect Dis
2007;
44
: 190–6.
61. Gould IM. Clinical relevance of increasing glycopeptideMICs against
Staphylococcus
aureus
.
Int J Antimicrob Agents
2008;
31
(suppl 2):1–9.
62. Lowy FD. Treatment of invasivemethicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
infections
in adults.
UpToDate
2013.
invasive-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-infections-in-adults
63. Lodise TP, Graves J, Evans A,
et al
. Relationship between vancomycin MIC and
failure among patients withmethicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia
treated with vancomycin.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
2008;
52
: 3315–20.
64. Pea F, Viale P. Is the minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin an infallible
predictor of the clinical outcome of
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia treated
with vancomycin?
Clin Infect Dis
2009;
49
: 642–3.
65. Lalueza A, Chaves F, San JR,
et al
. Is high vancomycin minimum inhibitory
concentration a good marker to predict the outcome of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteraemia?
J Infect Dis
2010;
201
: 311–12.
66. Rolston KV, Nguyen H, Amos G,
et al
. A randomized double-blind trial of vancomycin
versus teicoplanin for the treatment of gram-positive bacteraemia in patients with
cancer.
J Infect Dis
1994;
169
: 350–5.
67. Rayner CR, Baddour LM, Birmingham MC,
et al
. Linezolid in the treatment of
osteomyelitis: results of compassionate use experience.
Infection
2004;
32
: 8–14.
68. Wilcox M, Nathwani D, Dryden M. Linezolid compared with teicoplanin for the
treatment of suspected or proven Gram-positive infections.
J Antimicrob Chemother
2004;
53
: 335–44.
69. Falagas ME, Siempos II, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid versus glycopeptide or beta-lactam
for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised
controlled trials.
Lancet Infect Dis
2008;
8
: 53–66.
70. Falagas ME, Vardakas KZ. Benefit-risk assessment of linezolid for serious gram-
positive bacterial infections.
Drug Saf
2008;
31
: 753–68.
71. Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR,
et al
. Daptomycin versus standard therapy
for bacteraemia and endocarditis caused by
Staphylococcus aureus
.
N Engl J Med
2006;
355
: 653–65.
72. Falagas ME, Giannopoulou KP, Ntziora F,
et al
. Daptomycin for treatment of patients
with bone and joint infections: a systematic review of the clinical evidence.
Int J
Antimicrob Agents
2007;
30
: 202–9.
73. Enoch DA, Bygott JM, Daly M, Karas JA. Daptomycin.
J Infect
2007;
55
: 205-13.
74. Scher KS, Steele FJ. The septic foot in patients with diabetes.
Surgery
1988;
104
:
661–6.
75. Silverman JA, Mortin LI, Vanpraagh AD,
et al
. Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary
surfactant: in vitro modeling and clinical impact.
J Infect Dis
2005;
191
:2149-52.
76. Gardiner D, Dukart G, Cooper A, Babinchak T. Safety and efficacy of intravenous
tigecycline in subjects with secondary bacteraemia: pooled results from 8 phase III
clinical trials.
Clin Infect Dis
2010;
50
: 229–38.
77. Coyle EA. Targeting bacterial virulence: the role of protein synthesis inhibitors in
severe infection.
Pharmacotherapy
2003;
5
: 638–42.
78. Stevens DL, Ma Y, Mclndoo E,
et al
. Impact of antibiotics on expression of
virulence-associated exotoxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
.
J Infect Dis
2007;
195
: 202–11.
79. Darenberg J, Soderquist B, Normark BN, Norrby-Teglund A. Differences in
potency of intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin G against streptococcal and
staphylococcal superantigens: implications and therapy of toxic shock syndrome.
Clin Infect Dis
2004;
38
: 836–42.
80. Pinzur MS, Sage R, Abraham M, Osterman H. Limb salvage in infected lower
extremity gangrene.
Foot Ankle
1988;
8
: 212–5.
81. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB,
et al.
2012 Infectious Diseases Society of
America Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot
infections.
Clin Infect Dis
2012;
54
:132–73.
