16
VOLUME 10 NUMBER 1 • MARCH 2013
REVIEW
SA JOURNAL OF DIABETES & VASCULAR DISEASE
are associated with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and, importantly,
help minimise treatment-related weight gain.
In South Africa GLP1 agonists are not yet registered for add-on
therapy to insulin in type 2 diabetes.
49,50
In the case studies, off-label
use in conjunction with insulin was at the discretion of the treating
physician in consultation with the patient.
References
1.
Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil AW,
et al
. Association of glycemia with macrovascular
and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective
observational study.
Br Med J
2000;
321
: 405–412.
2.
Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA,
et al
. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose
control in type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med
2008;
359
(15): 1577–1589.
3.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB,
et al
. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2
diabetes: A patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes
Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).
Diabetes Care
2012. Published online 19 April 2012. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0413.
4.
Amod A, Motala A, Levitt N,
et al
. The 2012 SEMDSA guideline for the management
of type 2 diabetes.
J Endocrinol Metabol Diabetes S Afr
2012;
17
(1): S1–S94.
5.
Khunti K, Davies M. Glycemic goals in patients with type 2 diabetes: current status,
challenges and recent advances.
Diab Obesity Metab
2010;
12
: 474–484.
6.
Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V,
et al
. Glycemic control with diet, sulphonylurea,
metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Progressive
requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49).
J Am Med Assoc
1999;
281
: 2005–
2012.
7.
Asche CV, Bode B, Busk, AK, Nair SR. The economic and clinical benefits of adequate
insulin initiation and intensification in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diab
Obesity Metab
2012;
14
: 47–57.
8.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB,
et al
. Medical management of hyperglycemia
in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of
therapy. A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the
European Association for the study of Diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2009;
32
(1): 1–11.
9.
Brown, JB, Nichols GA, Perry A. The burden of treatment failure in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2004;
27
: 1535–1540.
10. Hunt LM, Valenzuela MA, Pugh JA. NIDDM patients’ fears and hopes about insulin
therapy.
Diabetes Care
1997;
20
(3): 292–298.
11. Korytkowski M. When oral agents fail: practical barriers to starting insulin.
Int J
Obesity
2002;
26
(Suppl 3): S18–S24.
12. Niswender K. Diabetes and obesity: therapeutic targeting and risk reduction – a
complex interplay.
Diab Obesity Metab
2010;
12
: 267–287.
13. Liu S-C, Tu Y-K, Chien M-N, Chien K-L. Effect of antidiabetic agents added to
metformin on glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and weight change in patients with
type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis.
Diab Obesity Metab
2012;
14
: 810–820.
14. Van Dieren S, Czernichow S, Chalmers J,
et al
. Weight changes and their predictors
amongst 11 140 patients with type 2 diabetes in the ADVANCE trial.
Diab Obesity
Metab
2012;
14
: 464–469.
15. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control
with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk
of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33).
Lancet
1998;
352
:
837–853.
16. Pontiroli AE, Miele L, Morabito A. Increase of body weight during the first year of
intensive insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Diab Obesity Metab
2011;
13
: 1008–1019.
17. Hermansen K, Davies M. Does insulin detemir have a role in reducing risk of insulin-
associated weight gain?
Diab Obesity Metab
2007;
9
: 209–217.
18. Davies MJ, Derenski T, Pedersen CB, Clauson P. Reduced weight gain with insulin
detemir compared to NPH insulin is not explained by a reduction in hypoglycaemia.
Diabetes Technol Ther
2008;
10
(4): 273–277.
19. Hollander PA. Insulin detemir for the treatment of obese patients with type 2
diabetes.
Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obesity: Targets Ther
2012;
5
: 11–19.
20. Russell-Jones D, Khan R. Insulin-associated weight gain in diabetes – causes, effects
and coping strategies.
Diab Obesity Metab
2007;
9
: 799–812.
21. Jacob AN, Salinas K, Adams-Huet B, Raskin P. Weight gain in type 2 diabetes
mellitus.
Diab Obesity Metab
2007;
9
: 386–93.
22. Chaturvedi N, Syevens LK, Fuller JH, for the WHO Multinational Study Group.
Mortality and morbidity associated with body weight in people with IDDM.
Diabetes Care
1995;
18
(6): 761–765.
23. Aas A-M, Öhrvik J, Malmberg K, Rydén L, Birkeland KI, for the DIGAMI 2
investigators. Insulin-induced weight gain and cardiovascular events in patients
with type 2 diabetes. A report from the DIGAMI 2 study.
Diab Obesity Metab
2009;
11
: 323–329.
24. Bagg W, Plank LD, Gamble G,
et al
. The effects of intensive glycaemic control on
body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diab Obesity Metab
2001;
3
:
410–416.
25. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA,
et al
. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving
cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2011;
34
: 1481–1486.
26. Belalcazar LM, Reboussin DM, Haffner SM,
et al
. A 1-year lifestyle intervention
for weight loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes reduces high C-reactive protein
levels and identifies metabolic predictors of change.
Diabetes Care
2010;
33
: 2297–
2303.
27. Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M,
et al
. Intentional weight loss and mortality
among overweight individuals with diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2000;
23
: 1499–1504.
28. Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Thompson TJ, Williamson DF. Trying to lose weight, losing
weight, and 9-year mortality in overweight U.S. adults with diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2004;
27
: 657–662.
29. Owen V, Seetho I, Idris I. Predictors of responders to insulin therapy at 1 year among
adults with type 2 diabetes.
Diab Obesity Metab
2010;
12
: 865–870.
30. Watson L, Wilson BP, Alsop J, Kumar S. Weight and glycaemic control in type 2
diabetes: what is the outcome of insulin initiation?
Diab Obesity Metab
2011;
13
:
823–831.
31. Polonsky WH, Anderson BJ, Lohrer PA,
et al
. Insulin omission in women with IDDM.
Diabetes Care
1994;
17
(10): 1178–1185.
32. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ,
et al
. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different
compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.
N Engl J Med
2009;
360
(9): 859–
873.
33. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A,
et al
. Long-term non-pharmacological weight loss
interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Cochrane Database of Sys-
tematic Reviews
2005, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004095. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.
CD004095.pub2.
34. Rao G. Office-based strategies for the management of obesity.
Am Fam Physician
2010;
81
(12): 1449–1455.
35. Powers MA, March SB, Evert A. Use of internet technology to support nutrition and
diabetes self-management care.
Diabetes Spectrum
2008;
21
(2): 91–99.
36. Shahar J. Helping your patients become active.
Diabetes Spectrum
2008;
21
(1):
59–62.
37. Biesenbach G, Raml A, Alsaraji N. Weight gain and insulin requirement in type 2
diabetic patients during the first year after initiating insulin therapy dependent on
baseline BMI.
Diab Obesity Metab
2006;
8
: 669–673.
38. Douek IF, Allen SE, Ewings P,
et al
, for the Metformin trial group. Continuing
metformin when starting insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double blind
randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Diabet Med
2005;
22
: 634–640.
39. Sesti G. Harnessing the weight-regulating properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 in
the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Diab Obesity Metab
2009;
11
(Suppl 3): 4–10.
40. Lombard L. DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins) in the management of type 2 diabetes.
S Afr J
Diabetes Vasc Dis
2012;
9
: 9–12.
41. Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T,
et al
. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type
2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycemic control with metformin: a 26-week,
randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial.
Lancet
2010;
375
: 1447–1456.
42. Zinman B, Schmidt WE, Moses A,
et al.
Achieving a clinically relevant composite
outcome of an HbA
1c
of <7% without weight gain or hypoglycaemia in type 2
diabetes: a meta-analysis of the liraglutide clinical trial programme.
Diab Obesity
Metab
2012;
14
: 77–82.
43. Niswender K, Pi-Sunyer X, Buse J,
et al
. Weight change with liraglutide and
comparator therapies: an analysis of seven phase 3 trials from the liraglutide
diabetes development programme.
Diab Obesity Metab
2012. Doi: 10.1111/
j.1463-1326.2012.01673.x.
44. Li C-J, Li J, Zhang Q-M,
et al
. Efficacy and safety comparison between liraglutide as
add-on therapy to insulin and insulin dose-increase in Chinese subjects with poorly
controlled type 2 diabetes and abdominal obesity.
Cardiovasc Diabetol
2012; 11:142
Published online at
.
45. DeVries JH, Bain SC, Rodbard HW,
et al
. Sequential intensification of metformin
treatment in type 2 diabetics with liraglutide followed by randomized addition of
basal insulin prompted by A1C targets.
Diabetes Care
2012;
35
(7): 1446–1454.
46.
-
product-label-update-blood-sugar-control.
47. Berlie H, Hurren KM, Pinelli NR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as
add-on therapy to basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic
review.
Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obesity: Targets Ther
2012;
5
: 165–174.
48. Horton ES, Solberman C, Davis KL, Berria R. Weight loss, glycemic control, and
changes in cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving
incretin therapies or insulin in a large cohort database.
Diabetes Care
2010;
33
(8):
1759–1765.
49. Victoza package insert. Novo Nordisk (Pty) Ltd; 2011.
50. Byetta package insert. Eli Lilly (SA) (Pty) Ltd; 2009.